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1、MaterialsphysicsP.ChaudhariIBMWatsonResearchCenter,P.O.Box218,YorktownHeights,NewYork10598M.S.DresselhausMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,Massachusetts02139-4307Extraordinaryadvancesinmaterialsphysicshaveoccurredoverthelastcentury.Theseadvanceshavein¯
2、uencedalmosteveryaspectofhumanendeavor.Inthisnote,theauthorssketchsomeoftheseexcitingdevelopmentsinstructural,polymeric,andelectronicmaterials.[S0034-6861(99)01502-0]I.INTRODUCTIONchangedoverthelasthundredyearsor,forthatmatter,throughoutthehistoryofhumancivilizat
3、ion.MaterialsOverthelastonehundredyearstherehavebeenstun-researchcameoutofthepracticalneedsofmankind.ningadvancesinmaterialsresearch.AttheturnoftheErasofcivilizationwerenamedaftermaterials,socen-lastcenturywedidnotknowwhattheatomicstructuretralhasbeentheirroleina
4、chievingmankind'smasteryofamaterialwas.Today,notonlydoweknowthestruc-overnature.The®eldofmaterialsresearchcantraceitsture,butweroutinelymakearti®cialstructuresthatre-rootstoalchemy,metallurgy,naturalphilosophy,andquireplacementofatomsatspeci®edlocations,thatmixev
5、enart,aspracticedovermanycenturies.However,theatomstocreatepropertiesnotfoundinnaturallyoccur-®eldofmodernmaterialsresearch,asrepresentedbyringmaterials,thathavethefunctionalityneededbyto-materialsphysics,isonlyaboutsixtyyearsold.day'stechnology,andthatadjustthei
6、rpropertiestoaShiftsinmaterialsusagefromonetypetoanotherarechangingenvironment(smartmaterials).Overthelastusuallygradual.Thisisduetotheverylargeinvestmentsfewyearswehavebeguntomanipulateindividualatomsassociatedwithproductsinthematerials-relatedindus-toformstruct
7、uresthatenableustoexplorescienti®cissues,butthatwillsurelyleadtoprofoundtechnologi-tries,complexrelationshipsbetweenreliabilityandfunc-calandsocialconsequences;forexample,themanipula-tionality,environmentalissues,andenergydemands.tionofnucleotidesinaDNAmolecule,w
8、hichisthenHowever,measuredovertime,theseshiftsbecomequitecorrelatedwiththefunctioningof,say,ageneandwithperceptible.Forexample,inautomobilestheratioofitsexpres
