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1、Wehaveusedtheword"form"quiteoftenintheInternetGrammar.Itwasoneofthecriteriaweusedtodistinguishbetweenwordclasses--wesawthattheformor"shape"ofawordisoftenagoodcluetoitswordclass.Whenwelookedatphrases,too,wewereconcernedwiththeirform.Wesaidthatphrasesmayhavethebasicform (Pre-Head
2、string)-Head-(Post-Headstring).Andfinally,weclassifiedclausesaccordingtotheform(finiteornonfinite)oftheirmainverb.Inallofthesecases,wewereconductingaFORMALanalysis. Formdenoteshowsomethinglooks--itsshapeorappearance,andwhatitsstructureis.Whenwesaythat theoldman isanNP,orthat th
3、eoldmanboughtanewspaper isafiniteclause,wearecarryingoutaformalanalysis.Wecanalsolookatconstituents--phrasesandclauses--fromanotherangle.WecanexaminetheFUNCTIONswhichtheyperforminthelargerstructureswhichcontainthem. SubjectandPredicateThemostfamiliargrammaticalfunctionistheSUBJ
4、ECT.Innotionalterms,wecanthinkoftheSubjectastheelementwhichperformsthe"action"denotedbytheverb:[1] David playsthepiano[2] Thepolice interviewedallthewitnessesIn[1],theSubject David performstheactionofplayingthepiano.In[2],theSubject thepolice performstheactionofinterviewingallt
5、hewitnesses.Intheseterms,thismeansthatwecanidentifytheSubjectbyaskinga wh-question:[1] DavidplaysthepianoQ.Whoplaysthepiano? A. David (=Subject)[2]ThepoliceinterviewedallthewitnessesQ.Whointerviewedallthewitnesses?A. Thepolice (=Subject)HavingidentifiedtheSubject,wecanseethatth
6、eremainderofthesentencetellsuswhattheSubjectdoesordid.In[1],forexample, playsthepiano tellsuswhatDaviddoes.WerefertothisstringasthePREDICATEofthesentence.In[2],thePredicateis interviewedallthewitnesses.HerearesomemoreexamplesofsentenceslabelledforSubjectandPredicate. SubjectPre
7、dicateThelion roaredHewriteswellSheenjoysgoingtothecinemaThegirlinthebluedressarrivedlate Ineachoftheseexamples,theSubjectperformstheactiondescribedinthePredicate.We'veseen,however,thatthereareproblemsindefiningverbsas"action"words,andforthesamereasons,thereareproblemsindefinin
8、gtheSubjectasthe"performer"oftheaction.TheSubjectinJoh
