翻译家钱春绮研究

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分类号HO密级公开UDC硕士学位论文翻译家钱春绮研究学位申请人：刘盛泉学科专业：英语语言文学指导教师：刘瑄传二○一三年五月 ADissertationSubmittedinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfortheDegreeofMasterofArtsStudyonQianChunqiasaTranslatorGraduateStudent:LiuShengquanMajor:EnglishLinguisticsandLiteratureSupervisor:LiuXuanchuanChinaThreeGorgesUniversityYichang,443002,P.R.ChinaMay,2013 三峡大学硕士学位论文三峡大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的成果，除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明，本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名：日期：I 三峡大学硕士学位论文内容摘要著名翻译家钱春绮先生，躬行译事大半生，译作等身，贡献卓著。他的译作大部分为诗歌作品，都是西方经典，广受读者喜爱。他翻译的诗歌作品绝大部分为西方格律诗。在他的翻译过程中，他首先特别注重原文本的选择，不仅要选择最伟大的、最具代表性的诗人，还要选择这些诗人作品中的精华诗篇，甚至要选择最为理想的诗歌版本。其次，他也很重视对原作者的研究和解读。在翻译他们的作品之前，他必定是要通过各种手段和方式对作者本人人生经历、作者所处的时代、作者的思想观点、创作时的主观状态等各方面的因素进行详细研读。具体到作者的作品时，更是细之又细，如作品中的用典、涉及的人物、历史事件、宗教信仰等。再次，他翻译诗歌很重视诗歌形式上的处理，在格律上力求追随原文。他的诗译在遵守汉语诗歌韵律格调的同时，也创新性地对原文诗歌的形式进行移译，尽可能把原诗的风韵传达给读者。最后，他的译诗注释详尽，前言后序论述详实，令普通读者更易于理解原作者及其诗作的精神。他主要专注于翻译实践，很少论及翻译理论、思想和技巧。然而，他虽然没有在翻译理论领域做过多的论述，却在翻译中对各种翻译思想进行了实践，并给后世留下了宝贵的经验。他认为扎实的语言功底是译者必备的基础条件，能精通多门外语可以给翻译带来极大的优势和好处，他用实际行动证实了精通多门外语所带来的便利；他推崇严复“信达雅”的翻译标准，也重视对“雅”的度上的把握；他主张诗人译诗，强调形式于内容的统一，以便更好地实现“形神兼备”的理想。他在带给读者优美的译诗的同时，也让广大读者读到了他作为译者特有的译家风范和翻译风格，清晰地感受到他用他的译文令读者更轻松地接近原文作者和作品所作出的努力。他的作品之所以受到读者的青睐，是因为他非常努力并成功地走近作者，然后谨慎、巧妙、平易地把作者带到了读者的眼前。对于这样一位成功的翻译家，我们可以从他的作品和翻译行为入手，从中分析他的翻译特点，翻译经验、技巧和思想，提炼出他严谨的、宝贵的治学精神，为我所用，为促进当代诗歌翻译进一步向前添砖加瓦。关键词：钱春绮诗歌翻译翻译思想翻译风格II 三峡大学硕士学位论文AbstractQianChunqiwasafamousChinesetranslator.Hedevotedhimselftohistranslation,especiallytotranslationofwesternclassicpoetriesofanumberofwell-knownpoets.Hemainlyfocusedontranslationpracticeandhadhisownviewpointsontranslation.HeregardedlinguisticcompetenceasthepremiseforTranslator.HecanonizedYanFu`stranslationstandardsoffaithfulness,expressivenessandeleganceverymuchbutemphasizedeleganceandbelievedthatitshouldneverbeover-elegant.Heagreedwiththepointoftranslatingpoembypoem.Hetookapoemforaunityofmeaningandformandregardedfaithfulnessbothinmeaningandformasidealinpoetictranslation.Bytranslatingpoetries,heattachedgreatimportancetothebackgroundofpoetsandtheirpoems.Beforehetranslatedapoem,healwaysconductedanintensiveandcomprehensiveresearchonthepoetandhisbackgroundsothathecouldhaveagoodgraspoftheauthor'sfeelings,thoughtsandsoon.Prefacesorpostscriptsofhistranslatedbooksoftencontaindetailedbackgroundoftheauthorandanalysisofcontentofthepoem,ideasandmotivationofthepoetetc.Inhistranslatedworks,hepaidgreatattentiontotranslationoftheformandrhyminginpoems.Hemadegreateffortstoensuretheformalequivalencebetweenthetargettextandthesourcetext.Owingtohisbestefforts,histranslationisespeciallypopularamongthereaders.Byreadinghistranslation,readerscannotonlyenjoythebeautyoftheoriginalpoetry,butalsoappreciatetheartofhistranslation.AnintensiveandsystematicresearchonQianChunqiasatranslatorwouldbenecessaryandwoulddeepentheunderstandingofQianChunqi‘stranslationactivities.Asuccessfulstudyonsuchatranslatormustbebasedonananalysisofhisliteraryworksandhistranslationactivities,sothatwecanfindoutsomevaluableideasandtechniquestoprofitourtranslationstudyandpractice.Itisalsohopedthatthisstudywillpromotestudiesonthetranslator.Keywords:QianChunqipoemtranslationtranslationthoughtstranslationstyleIII 三峡大学硕士学位论文Contents内容摘要.............................................................................................IIAbstract...................................................................................................IIIChapterOneIntroduction.......................................................................11.1Previousstudiesonthetranslator...................................................11.2Researchsignificance.....................................................................21.3Researchobjectiveandmethodology.............................................21.4Thesisstructure...............................................................................2ChapterTwoLifeExperiencesoftheTranslator...................................42.1LearningclassicalChineseandforeignlanguages.........................42.2Enjoyingliterature..........................................................................42.3Changingcareer..............................................................................52.4Successfultranslator.......................................................................5ChapterThreeStudyonQian’sViewpointsonTranslation.................73.1Linguisticcompetence....................................................................73.2Poettranslatingpoem.....................................................................83.3Formtransplantation.......................................................................83.4ComprehensiononYanFu‘scriterion............................................9ChapterFourQian’sTranslatedWorks...............................................124.1Sourceoftranslatedworks...........................................................124.2Qian‘stranslatedworks................................................................134.3FeaturesofQian‘stranslatedworks..............................................144.4MajorinfluenceofQian‘stranslation...........................................15ChapterFiveStudyonQian’sTranslationStyle……………………..175.1Detailedresearchonsourcetexts.................................................175.2Beautyinform..............................................................................175.3Particularannotations...................................................................19ChapterSixCaseStudy:AnalysisofQian’sTranslatedPoem..........216.1Sourceandtranslatedpoem.........................................................216.2Analysisonthesourceandtranslatedpoem.................................226.3Summary.......................................................................................25ChapterSevenConclusion.....................................................................267.1Newfindings................................................................................267.2Limitationsandsuggestions.........................................................26Bibliography............................................................................................28IV 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterOneIntroduction1.1PreviousstudiesonthetranslatorQianChunqi,1921-2010,aChinesefamoustranslator,hadengagedhimselfinliterarytranslationforover60years.Morethan50worksofforeignliteratureweretranslatedbyhim.Hewon"1995-1996RainbowAwardofNationalExcellentLiteraryTranslation"andLuXunLiteratureAwardbyChineseWritersAssociation.In2001,QianChunqiwastitledas"SeniorTranslator"byTranslatorsAssociationofChina.QianChunqidedicatedhimselftohistranslationandalwayskeptlow-key.Heseldomdeliveredhisviewpoints.Duringquitealongperiodofhistranslationcareerpeopleheardlittleabouthimbutreadhisnumeroustranslationcollections,whichfinallycalledattentionoftheaudienceandscholarstothetranslatorhimself.Journalistsathomeandabroadcameandseveralreportswerepublished;scholarsandotherfamoustranslatorssuchasYeTingfang,JiangFeng,LǜYuan,FanDacanandsoonhadwrittensomeessaysabouthim.ThemostdetailedandinformativearticlewasanessaywrittenbyFuXiaoping.ItwasaninterviewandpublishedinPoetryMonthlyin2010.AccordingtoFu,theinterviewwasgivenaboutin2008.TheytalkedabouteverydetailaboutQianChunqi,includinghisearlierlife,histranslatedworks,translatingactivitiesandviewpoints,histranslationcareerandsoon.ThefamoustranslatorJiangFenggreatlyappreciatedQianChunqi‘stranslatingstylesandideasontranslationandpublishedanessayspeakinghighlyofQianChunqi‘sdevotiontotranslation.Somestatementsareworthoutlining.AgreeingwithQianChunqi‘sviewpointsontranslation,hesaidasformer:―AlltheseplainwordsthatarespokenbyMr.Qianarepreciousfortranslators.Youngscholarswhohaveanambitionofbecomingliterarytranslatorswouldbenefitfromhisideasiftheyfollowedhissuggestions.Furthermore,histhoughtsarealsousefulandhelpfulfortheschoolcurriculuminuniversities.‖―He,whohadachievedgreatsuccessinthefieldoftranslation,isagoodexampleforserioustranslator.Andhisachievementsarevaluableandworthbeingexploredbyconscientiousscholarswhodevotethemselvestotranslationstudies.‖(JiangFeng,2010)YeTingfang,thepresidentofChinaAssociationforStudyofGermanLiterature,alsowroteanessayLegendaryTranslationCareerofQianChunqi(2010).Hesummarized1 三峡大学硕士学位论文Qian‘stranslationcareerandactivitiesinfiveChinesewords:―concentrated,keen,knowledgeable,foresightedandproficient.‖（YeTingfang2010）Moreover,followingscholarshaddiscussedaboutQianChunqiaswell:YuanLiwroteQianChunqi---hisSpiritisaBouncingSpring.InthearticleshedescribedhermeetingwithQianChunqiandheradmirationforQian.YangWunengwroteanessayLegendaryLifeofQianChunqiandmadeaintroductionofQian‘slegendarylife.TaizhouNewspublishedaninterviewwithQianChunqiin2008.TheTitleisASongofRambler---AnInterviewwithQianChunqiandNarrationbyHimself.Intheinterviewthenarratortalkedmuchabouthisownlife,histranslatorcareer,hisviewsontranslationandhistranslationworks.ShiDapingpublishedhisessayAPoetryTranslatorWell-knownatHomeandAbroadinthemagazineEasternStarsin1996tointroduceQianChunqiasapoetrytranslator.In2010,asymposiumaboutQianChunqi‘sliterarytranslationwasheldbyShanghaiTranslatorsAssociationandanessaycollectionwaspublishedthesameyear,whichhighlightedresearchesaboutQianChunqiandhistranslation.1.2ResearchsignificanceIngeneraltherehavealreadybeenmanyparticularwritingsaboutQianChunqiinthepastyears.Butscholarsmostlydescribedordiscussedhimasasuccessfultranslatorfromdifferentperspectives.Somewroteabouthisremarkablepersonallife,someemphasizedhisgreatcontributiontotranslation,andothersoutlinedhisrespectablepersonalityandacademicstyle.ButnearlyallthepublishedarticlesabouthimarenotresearchesonQianChunqibutintroductions,interviews,narrativeessaysandsoon.NoonehasmadeintensiveresearchesonQianChunqi‘stranslationworksandthestudyonparticularworkofQianChunqihasalsonotappeared.AcomprehensivestudyonQianChunqiasatranslatorisstillanareathatnooneeverreaches.ThusanintensiveandsystematicresearchonQianChunqiasatranslatorwouldbenecessaryandwoulddeepentheunderstandingofQianChunqi‘stranslationactivities.Itisalsohopedthatthisstudywillpromotestudiesonthetranslator.1.3Researchobjectiveandmethodology2 三峡大学硕士学位论文Basedonpreviousstudiesanddependenttheories,thisthesiswouldintroduceQianChunqi‘simpressivetranslatorcareer,analyzehistranslatedworks,discusshistranslationstyleandpresenthisthoughtsontranslation,thereforeamorecomprehensivestudyonhimasatranslatorwouldbecompleted.Toachievetheaimsofthestudy,followingapproacheswillbeusedinthethesis:1)Describinglifeexperiencesofthetranslator;2)Summarizinghisviewpointsontranslation;3)Classifyinghistranslatedworks;4)Analyzingsourceoftranslatedworks;5)Discussinghisviewpoints,translationactivitiesandtranslationstylewithexamplesandcasestudies.1.4ThestructureofthethesisThisthesiscontainssevenchapters:ChapterOneprovidesintroductionincludingdiscussionofResearchsignificance,previousstudiesonthetranslator,researchobjectiveandmethodologyandthestructureofthethesis.ChapterTwopresentsthelifeexperiencesofthetranslator.ChapterThreediscussesQianChunqi‘sviewpointsontranslation.Asasuccessfultranslatorhehashisowncomprehensionoftheoriesrelatedtopoetryandliteraturetranslation,suchas―faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance‖and―poetstranslatepoetry‖.ChapterFourpresentsanintroductionandanalysisofhistranslatedworksbydiscussingthefeaturesandinfluenceofQianChunqi‘stranslatedworks.ChapterFivediscussestranslationstyleofQianChunqi.Hisoutstandingtranslationowemuchtohiscarefulselectionofsourcetexts,comprehensiveknowledgeofthepoets,deepunderstandingoftheirpoems,greatattentiontothetranslatingoftheformandrhythmsinpoemsandvarioustranslationtacticssuchasprovidingmoreparticularfootnotes.ChapterSixisacasestudyofatranslatedpoembyQianChunqi.ThetranslationwillbecarefullyanalyzedtodiscussQianChunqi‘stranslationstyleandhisviewpointsontranslation.ChapterSevenconcludesthestudyandanswersthemainresearchquestions,and3 三峡大学硕士学位论文alsopresentsnewfindings,limitationsofthepresentstudyandsuggestionsofthefuturestudies.4 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterTwoLifeExperiencesoftheTranslator2.1LearningclassicalChineseandforeignlanguagesQianChunqiwasbornatXiaojiTowninTaiCounty,JiangsuProvince,September7,1921.In1931,hebegantoattendtheWangShaofuPrivateSchool(Sishu,akindofold-styleprivateschool)atageof11.Duringhisstudyingtimethere,hehadreadTheFourBooks(TheGreatLearning,TheDoctrineoftheMean,TheAnalectsofConfuciusandMencius),TheBookofRitesandTheSpringandAutumnAnnalsofTheFiveClassics.HepassedtheMiddleSchoolEntranceExaminationin1936andstudiedinShanghaiMiddleSchoolinJiangsuProvince.Greatbookcollectionintheschoolprovidedhimapreciousopportunitytofulfillhisthirstformorebookswithadvancedideas,andworld-famousbookalike.HereadFausttranslatedbyZhouXuepu,aswellasBaudelaire;meanwhilelearnedLatinizedPinyin.Hefeltanecessitytolearnseveralforeignlanguagesatthattime,sohemanagedtolearnRussianandJapanesebyhimselfinfreetimewiththehelpoftwobookshebought:Self-studyofRussianandSelf-studyofJapanese.In1940,hewasenrolledinSoutheastMedicalCollege,whichwasaGerman-Japanesecollege.AlllessonsweretaughtbyeitherGermanorJapanese,andtheonlyforeignlanguagestaughtinthecollegewereGermanyandJapaneseinsteadofEnglishasthefirstchoiceinmostotherChinesecolleges.ThissituationprovidedhimafairopportunitytotranslateGermanyliteratureworksinthefuture.Hepaidextraattentiontoforeignlanguageslearninginsparetime.Inordertohavemoretouchwithforeignlanguagesandhavemoreexercises,heboughtmanyoriginalGermanbookssuchasWilliamTell,Bee'sLake,PoetrySelectionofGoetheandEssaysofMaxandEngelsandreadthemwiththehelpoftranslatededitions.HealsolistenedtotheforeignlanguageteachingprogramsontheradiosuchasDailyConversationinJapanesemadebyShanghaiRadioandFranceVoicemadebyVichyiteGovernment.HealsoinvitedtutortoteachhimforeignlanguagesorattendtheRussianclassesinthecollegewherehepracticedhisinternship.2.2EnjoyingliteratureDuringthelearningtimeinShanghaiMiddleSchool,hewrotepoetryforthefirsttimeandproducedaseriesofessaysdescribingschoolscene,whichwerepublishedonthesupplementeditionofShanghaiTaKungPao.In1994,hepublishedanarticleentitled5 三峡大学硕士学位论文MeandtheTranslatedPoemsonthesecondissueofStudyonChineseandForeignPoems,aquarterlyrunbySouthwestNormalUniversity.Inthisarticle,heclaimedtheProvincialShanghaiMiddleSchoolLibraryas―themostcherishablemothereverinmyheart,itisthestartpointwhereIsetoffmyliteraturejourney.‖Oneyearlater,however,hewastransferredintoYangtzeMiddleSchoolduetotheAnti-JapaneseWar,andthenTaizhouMiddleSchool.Fortunately,thefavorableculturalatmospherethereattractedmanyscholarsandmedia.Duringthatperiod,hepublishedmanyessays,poemsandshortnovelsonalocalmagazinecalledWarDrum,thesupplementeditionofWarReport,anddesigneditsmasthead.Excepttheoriginalessays,poemsandshortnovels,healsogotsometranslatedarticlesfromMillard'sReview(anEnglishweeklyperiodicalpublishedinShanghai)publishedonWarDrum.Moreover,healsowroteanovelandsomepoemswhichwerenotpublished.Unfortunately,theseunpublishedletterswereburntintoashesforunknownreason.2.3ChangingcareerBetween1945and1952,QianChunqiworkedasadoctor.Hewroteandpublishedseveralmedicalbooks.Later,heresignedfromhospitalandstartedtobecomealiteraturetranslator.HetranslatedSchiller‘sandHeine‘sworksandaGermanepicnamedTheSongoftheNibelungs.Inthisperiod,heachievedagreatsuccessintranslatingandbeganhistranslationcareer.Butitonlylastedashorttime.In1966,theCulturalRevolutionbrokeout.HewasforcedtobreakoffhistranslatinganddecidedtomakeajourneytoSouthChina.InOctober1974,hespentover40daystravelingalonearoundJiangxi,Fujian,Guangxi,Hunan,Hubei,AnhuiandJiangsuProvinces.Afterthejourney,hewrotealongpoemcalledPoemsofTrampinginSevenProvincesconsistingof240poems,andseveralotherpoetrieswhich,however,werenotpublishedtothepublic.OnlyafewofthemcouldbeseenonthesupplementeditionofHongkongTaKungPao.TheseunpublishedpoetrieswereLyricCollection,BalladCollection,CollectionofProsePoems,SonnetandExcerptedClassicalPoetries.TheCultureRevolutionendedupin1976,whenQianChunqiwelcomedthespringofhistranslationcareerbecausethesituationwasfavorabletohimthen.Hecontinuedtranslatingandpublishedagreatdealoftranslationworks.6 三峡大学硕士学位论文2.4ASuccessfultranslatorQianChunqiasatranslatorisamanofaction.Hehadengagedhimselfinliterarytranslationforover60years.Morethan50worksofforeignliterature,suchaspoemscreatedbyGoethe,Schiller,Heine,NietzscheandBaudelaire,weretranslatedbyhim.Histranslatorcareerfrom1955tohisdeathin2010canbedividedintofollowing3phases:(1)1955-1980InthisperiodhebegantotranslatepoemsofseveralfamousandimportantGermanpoets.Withintwoyearshehadgottwoopportunitiestostarthistranslationcareersuccessfully.Firstly,in1955/56,commemorationswereheldtwiceforSchillerandHeinebytheWorldPeaceOrganization.WiththisopportunityhetranslatedapoetrycollectionWilhelmTellofFriedlichSchillerandotherthreeBookofSongs,NewPoemsandRomanzeroofHeinrichHeine.Allthesetranslatedcollectionswerepublished,includinganotheronefromGermanclassicepicTheSongoftheNibelungslaterin1959.Thesecondopportunitytohim,inasense,wastheCulturalRevolutionfrom1966to1976.Duringthetenyearshehadtostoptranslatingforpoliticalreasonsandalsoforthathehadlostmostofhiscostlysourcetextsandsomefinishedworks.Atthattime,hemadehismind,accordingtothetranslator,tomakeajourneyinsomesouthprovincestorelax.Backfromthejourneywhichhadtakenmorethan40days,hebegantowritesomeChinesepoemswiththetitlesPoemsofTrampinginSevenProvinces,PoemsofReturningHomeetc.(2)1981-1994QianChunqigaincompletesuccessintranslatingpoetries.Thereweremoreandmorenewtranslatedpoemcollectionspublishedinarow,especiallyinthefirstyearsofthisperiod.ThemostsuccessfulonewasGoethe’slyriccollectionpublishedintheyear1981.Alargenumberofcopiesofthisworkhadbeensoldduringthefollowingdaysanditbecameevenbestseller.Itrarelyhappensforapoetrycollection.(3)1994-2010Thetranslatorwasengagedmainlyintranslatingofessaysandfictions,suchasTheSorrowsofYoungWerther(1996),SelectedEssaysofHeine(1994),SelectedEssaysofNietzsche(1995),SelectedEssaysofRilke(2002),SelectedEssaysofZweig(2002)andSelectedEssaysofValery(2006).AndNietzsche‘sThusSpokeZarathustraandBaudelaire‘sTheFlowersofEvilweretranslatedinthisperiod.7 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterThreeStudyonQian’sViewpointsonTranslationQianChunqitranslatedagreatnumberofpoetries.Butheseldompublishedhisownviews,asMr.YeTingfangsaid:―Thoughhisfamespreadwidelyandhehasgainedremarkableachievements,henevershowedoffwhathehaddone.Whenhededicatedhimselftotranslatingagreatwork,hekeptsilentaboutit.Itseemsthathisjobwerequitenormal,justlikeadoctorgivingtreatmenttopatients,thereisnoneedtoletothersknow.Furthermore,henevermadecriticismonothertranslators.Hehasnointeresttopushhimselfforwardandjusttakesiteasy.‖(YeTingfang2010)Nevertheless,basedonhisprefaces,postscriptsorsomeotheressayswrittenabouthim,wecandrawsomeofhisideasandviewpointsontranslation.Theyareasfollows:3.1LinguisticcompetenceInaninterviewwithajournalistfromTaizhouNewsQianwasaskedabouthisviewsontheyoungtranslators,heanswered:―HavingagoodmasteryofChineselanguageishighlyimportantforatranslator.ButtheproblemforthemomentisexactlythattheyoungtranslatorslacklinguisticabilitiesandcompetenceinChinese....PeoplenowadaysreadnomoreChineseclassicalworks;itresultsinshortageinmodernChineselanguage.ThereforeIthink,masteringbothChineseandforeignlanguageisthebasicqualificationfortranslating.LinguisticcompetenceinChineseincludestheabilitiesofusingclassicalChineselanguage,andcompetenceinforeignlanguagereferstobeingproficientinmanyforeignlanguages.‖Itistruethatlinguisticcompetenceisessentialforatranslator.However,whenwetalkaboutthelinguisticcompetenceofatranslator,weoftenunderlinecompetenceofusinghisnativelanguageaswellasaforeignlanguageandregarditasmajorpremisebytranslating.Inmanytextbooksoftranslation,thetopicoflinguisticcompetenceisoftendiscussed:firstly,atranslatorshouldbeskilledatusingaforeignlanguageandbefamiliarwithaforeignculture.Andsecond,heshouldnotignorethebasicsignificanceofcompetenceofhisnativelanguage,becausegoodtranslationcomesfromgoodunderstandingofsourcetextandmustbeexpressedaccuratelywiththenativelanguage.Unfortunately,fewtextbooksmakereferencetocompetenceofthesecondorotherforeignlanguages.Inthefact,allstudentsoftranslationinuniversitiesmustlearnasecond8 三峡大学硕士学位论文foreignlanguageusuallyinoneortwoyears.Andforthesestudents,thesecondforeignlanguageshouldbeanimportantpartoftheirstudyoftranslation.Thatistosay,educationalinstitutionshavepaidattentiontoitandlaidthefoundation.Butpeopledidnottakeitseriously.Nowadays,translatorsusuallymastertwolanguagesincludingnativelanguage.Andthesecondforeignlanguageisoftenlessvaluedandforgottenovertime.ToQianChunqi,linguistcompetencenotonlyreferstobeingproficientinnativelanguageandaforeignlanguage,butalsoinmoreotherlanguages.Hehimselfservesasanexampleofsuccessors.HehasagoodcommandofmanylanguagessuchasChinese,Japanese,English,German,French,Russian,Greek,HebrewandLatin.HemainlytranslatedpoetriesinGerman,butheoftenusedliteratureinotherlanguages.Sometimessomewordsaredifficulttounderstandandtranslate,hewouldgetsupportfromotherlanguagesandfindanappropriatetranslation.HeoncetalkedabouthetranslationaGermanword―Palme‖inNietzsche‘sThusSpokeZarathustra.Nietzschedescribedapalmtreeswayinginthewindlikeagirlisdancing.Hethoughtthatapalmtreeisstiffandcanneverswayinthewindlikeagirlisdancinganddoubtedifthemeaningofpalmtreeisaccurate.ThenhelookeditupinaJapanesedictionaryandfoundoutthattheword―Palme‖canbethecontractedformof―Kokospalme‖(coconuttree).Andhewassurethatacoconuttreebytheseaisswayinginthewindlikeagirlisdancinginaproperincontext.Furthermore,hebelievesthatlanguagesareculturalcarriers.HehadcollecteddifferentvisionsofBibleinEnglish,German,FrenchandJapaneseandreadandcomparedthemoverandover.AndamongEuropeanlanguages,LatinisanimportantforeignlanguageforChinesetranslators,becausemanyessentialculturalcontentsmaybetracedbacktothislanguage.InanessayabouthistranslationofNietzsche‘sThusSpokeZarathustra,hediscussedsomedifficultiesintermsoflanguagehehadmet.Heoftenfoundthekeysbyconsultingmaterialsacrossmanylanguages.3.2PoettranslatingpoemItisnotafreshclaimthatpoettranslatespoem.WangZuoliang,thefamoustranslator,hadeverputforwardtheviewthat―translatingpoembypoet,inordertokeepitsstyle‖.LüYuan,apoetandtranslatoralsomentioned:―Ifitispossible,(poemtranslating)isbettertobedonebypoet‖.(LüYuan2005).Besideswhatthetwopersonsmentionedabove,manyothertranslatorsalsoholdthisview,suchasDaiWangshu,Ai9 三峡大学硕士学位论文Qing,BianZhilin,FengZhiandsoon.Theyaretheveryexamplewhocombinepoemcomposingandpoemtranslatingtightly,andmodifyonebytheinspiringoftheother.QianChunqi,whoseclaimgotprooffromthosepeoplementionedabove,certainlyagreeswiththepointoftranslatingpoembypoet.However,QianChunqihadnotdebatedwhypoemshouldbetranslatedbypoet.Heagreedwiththepointandjusttranslatedandcomposedpoems.―Iamapoetatbottom‖,hesaid.Hetranslatedpoembecausehewaskeenonpoemandhisinitialmotivationoftranslatingpoemwastolearnpoemcomposing.Andinfact,hewasfondofliteraturesincechildhoodandstartedtowritepoeminhisjuveniletime,andkeptwritingpoemseveninoldage.Hedidnotseparatepoemtranslationfrompoemcomposition,butimprovedthetwoskillsbylearningfromeachother.Andheupheldthispracticeforlong.AccordingtoQianChunqi,hehadresearchedallthevariantsandrhymingofsonnetandcreatedhundredsofsonnetsbyhimself,inordertotranslatesonnetsuccessfully.3.3FormtransplantationPoetryisthemostpureliteraryworksofart;itslanguageisthelanguageofrhythm,whichisrefinedsubtleanddistinct.Thesentencesaretidy.Comparedwithotherliterarygenres,poetryisthepoet'sthoughtsandwordsintheworkproductoffusionofcompletelynatural,poetryconcentratedontheessenceofanationallanguageandculture,languageandculturewithdistinctivecharacteristics,andthusthetranslationofpoetryisverydifficult.Opinionsontherelativeimportanceofformandspiritintranslationaredivided:someoptforformalresemblance,othersfavourspiritualresemblance,andstillothersbelievethatbothformandspiritareimportantinliterarytranslation.Thosewhosupporttheideaofformalresemblancebelievethatpoetryshouldberenderedformallyaspoetry,andthisbalanceofformcanbestconveythemeanings,thesyntaxaswellastheflowingcadenceoftheoriginal.Thoseinfavourof"spiritualcloseness/resemblance",ontheotherhand,haveahostofscholarsintraditionalChinatosupporttheirposition.Thethirdgroupofscholarsholdsthatbothspiritualresemblanceandformalresemblanceareimportant.InQianChunqi‘sview,poetryisaunityofspiritandform.Writingwhichcontains10 三峡大学硕士学位论文informativemeaningbutnobeautifulform,suchasessayorothers,canneverbepoetries.Evenmodernfreeversehasitsform.Comparedwiththeclosedformofmetricalpoetry,freeversehasanopenone.Hesaid,whenChineseclassicpoetries,whichareveryreadableandbeautifulinoriginal,weretranslatedintomodernChinese,theywouldbequiteflat.Thereasonisjustthattheoriginalshaveperfectforms.Thenhecametohisconclusion:Atranslatedpoemmustbefaithfultotheoriginalinmeaningandspirit,anditwouldbebestwhenitwerealsofaithfulinformaspossible.ToQianChunyi,formaltransplantationisnotonlynecessaryforreaderstoappreciatetheoriginaltextinitsentirety,butalsoessentialforlocalpoetstoinfuseforeignstructurestotheircomposition.Hesaid:―Translatorsaremostlyopposedtotranslating―wordbyword‖,butinmyviews,sometimes,atranslationcanandneedbe‗wordbyword‘.‖（QianChunqi2005）Basedonhispracticeandexplorationintranslating,QianChunqisuggestedthatformsofwesternpoetryshouldbetransplantedintranslating.Hehadoncepublishedanessayabout―FormTransplantationinPoemTranslating‖in1984,whichwasmorethan15yearsbeforeSuanBassnett‘sTransplantingtheSeed:PoetryandTranslation.Inthisessayheanalyzedafewnon-Chineseformsofpoetriesindetail,suchasJapaneseHaiku(formoflightpoetryconsistingofseventeenwords),epicpoeminMiddleHighGerman,Homer'sEpic,ItalianTerzarima,SonnetandFrenchAlexandrine.InChinesepoetriestherearenosuchpoeticforms.TheycouldbetransplantedintoChinesepoetries,sothatthetranslatedpoetriesbecomefaithfultotheoriginalbothinmeaningandform,emphasizedQianChunqi.Ontheotherhand,Qianwasawareofthefactthattotalfaithfulnessbothinmeaningandformistheidealinpoetictranslationbutalsoalmostimpossible.Healsoagreedwithtranslatingoverlookstheoriginalformwhennecessary.Apoetictranslationinformofessaysshouldbeacceptableandvaluable.3.4ComprehensiononYanFu’scriterionIntheprefaceofhisEvolutionandEthics,YanFustated:"Therearethreedifficultiesintranslation:faithfulness,expressiveness,andelegance"(YanFu,1898).Yan‘s―faithfulness‖meansthatthetranslationshouldcompletelyconveycontentsorthoughtsoftheoriginal.His―expressiveness‖demandsthatcontentsorthoughtsoftheoriginalmustbeclearandflowingtransmitted,withoutgrammaticalmistakesorconfusedlogic11 三峡大学硕士学位论文andsense.His―elegance‖referstotheuseofclassicalChinesebeforeHanDynasty.YanFubelievedthatonlythelanguagebeforetheHanDynastycouldbeconsideredelegant.YanFu‘sthreecharactershaveinfluencedoverthewholecircleoftranslatorsinChinasinceitwasformulated,eventhoughtheyhavebeendisposedbymanytranslators.Infact,mostoftranslatorsagreedwiththeformer―faithfulness,expressiveness‖andwereopposedtothethirdoneorhaddifferentunderstandingofit.Somescholarsaddssomenewconceptstothecharacter“雅”.Theydiscardthecharacter“雅”andreplaceditwithsomeothercriteria,suchas“切”(closeness)（LiuZhongde1979），“贴”(fitness)，etc.QianChunqi,canonizingYanFu`stranslationstandardsoffaithfulness,expressivenessandeleganceverymuch,abodebythesethreestandardsbytranslating.However,QianChunqihadhisownunderstandingonthethreestandards,whichgoesasthefollowing:―faithfulness‖refersthattherecannotbeanyadditionorlackofmeaningintranslationcomparingtothesourcetext;―expressiveness‖refersthatthetranslatedtextreadsfluently;andelegancerefersthatbothtranslatedandsourcetextsshouldfeelalmostthesametaste.Meanwhile,QianChunqiemphasizeseleganceandbelievedthatitshouldneverbeover-elegant.HispoemtranslationLittleRoseoftheFieldshowsQianChunqi‘sexcellenttranslatingaccordingtohiscomprehensionofthethreeprinciples:HeidenrösleinSaheinKnabeinRösleinstehn,RösleinaufderHeiden,Warsojungundmorgenschön,Lieferschnell,esnahzusehn,Sah'smitvielenFreuden.Röslein,Röslein,Rösleinrot,RösleinaufderHeiden.Knabesprach:Ichbrechedich,RösleinaufderHeiden!Rösleinsprach:Ichstechedich,Dassduewigdenkstanmich,Undichwill'snichtleiden.Röslein,Röslein,Rösleinrot,RösleinaufderHeiden.12 三峡大学硕士学位论文UndderwildeKnabebrach'sRösleinaufderHeiden;Rösleinwehrtesichundstach,HalfihmdochkeinWehundAch,Mussesebenleiden,Röslein,Röslein,Rösleinrot,RösleinaufderHeiden.野蔷薇少年看到一朵蔷薇，荒野的小蔷薇，那样娇嫩而鲜艳，急急忙忙走向前，看的非常欣喜。蔷薇，蔷薇，红蔷薇，荒野的小蔷薇。少年说：“我要采你，荒野的小蔷薇！”蔷薇说：“我要刺你，让你永不会忘记，我不愿被你采摘。”蔷薇，蔷薇，红蔷薇，荒野的小蔷薇。野蛮少年去采她，荒野的小玫瑰；蔷薇自卫去刺他，她徒然含悲忍泪，还是遭到采摘。蔷薇，蔷薇，红蔷薇，荒野的小蔷薇。13 三峡大学硕士学位论文ThelyricHeidenröslein(LittleRoseoftheField)isafamousballadcreatedbyGoethe.Itbecomeslaterawidelyspreadfolksongbecauseofitsbeautifulimageryandmelody.Thetranslationtransmitssuccessfullythespiritandimageoftheoriginalpoem:aboybreaksalittleroseofthefieldruthlesslyandtheroseresistswithoutavail.Withasimilarformandrhymingtotheoriginalandintheplainestofplainlanguage,thetranslatorpresentedthesamestyleandtasteofGoethe‘sballadintheChineseversion.14 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterFourQian’sTranslatedWorks―AccordingtostatisticbytranslatorWuJuntao,QianChunqi,wasbornin1921,hadtranslatedandcreatednumerousliteratureworks,whichcometo70genres,includingpublishedandunpublished.Wordnumberaltogetherreachestenmillions.‖（FuXiaoping2010）4.1SourceofQian’stranslatedworksAuthors,whoseliteratureworksQianChunqihadtranslated,aremostlysignificantandsuccessfulscholars,whohadmadegreatcontributionstotheliteraryandculturaldevelopmentoftheirnations,evenofthewholehumansociety.ThefirstoneisJohannWolfgangvonGoethe(1749–1832),aGermanwriter,artist,andpolitician.Heproducedvolumesofpoetry,essays,criticismandothers.Asoneofthetwoleadingfigures(theotherisFriedlichSchiller)ofWeimarClassicism(aculturalandliterarymovementofEurope),heisregardedasthegreatestlitterateurintheGermanhistory.WithhisdramaFaust,oftencalled―thedramaoftheGermans‖,heisalsofamousinthewholeworld.ToQianChunqi,Goetheis―agiantofculture,agreatlitterateur,agreatthinkerandasuccessfulnaturalscientist‖(QianChunqi1981),―heisagreatGermanpoet,alsooneofthegreatestpoetsoftheworld.‖―He(Goethe)devotedmorethan70yearstohispoemcreation,andmorethan2500poemswereproducedbyhim‖(QianChunqi1982)From1981to1994,altogetherelevencollectionsorselectionsofGoethe‘sliteratureworksweretranslatedandpublishedbyQianChunqi.ThesecondoneisHeinrichHeine(1797–1856),hewasoneofthemostsignificantGermanpoetsofthe19thcentury.TheJewishpoetwasfamousforhislyricpoetry.Andhewasapoetwhohadradicalpoliticalviews.HewasagainsttheKingsofBavariaandPrussia,againstthepoliticaltorporoftheGermanpeople,andagainstthegreedandcrueltyoftherulingclass.KarlMarxwasanadmirerofHeineandhisearlywritingsshowHeine'sinfluence.InParistheyoncehadagoodfriendshipwitheachother.In1980s,QianChunqihadtranslatedseveralpoeticselectionandcollectionofHeine.Hisbooksweresellingverywellatthattime,sothathecouldgetenoughmoneytogoonwithtranslatingotherpoems.JohannChristophFriedrichvonSchiller(1759–1805)isthefourth.QianChunqi‘s15 三峡大学硕士学位论文firsttwopublishedworksarebothtranslatedfromSchiller‘spoems.AccordingtoQianChunqi,in1950s,hewantedtopublishhistranslationofHeineatfirst,butPeople'sLiteraturePublishingHousehadnotaccepteditanddemandedatranslationofSchiller‘sdramaWilliamTell,whichwaspublishedin1956.ThenisFriedrichWilhelmNietzsche(1844–1900),agreatthinkerandpoet,whosefamousbookThusSpokeZarathustraisnoteasytocomprehend,butshowsthewriter‘ssuperbskillsinusinglanguage.QianChunqihadmadeafirmdecisiontotranslateNietzsche‘sThusSpokeZarathustrainperson,thoughtherehavealreadybeenmanytranslatedversionsbyothertranslators.Themotivationforhisdecisionisthepurposetoattachparticularfootnotesasmanyaspossibleinhistranslation,―becausethe3translatedversionsbefore1949regrettablydidnotincludedanyfootnotesatall‖(QianChunqi2005)，claimedQian.―Nietzsche‘sThusSpokeZarathustraisagreatwork.Itdealswithseveraldifferentdisciplinessuchasliterature,philosophyandarts.Withoutparticularfootnotes,itisdifficultforaveragereaderstototallycomprehendthebook‖,approvedYeTingfang,thepresidentofChinaAssociationforStudyofGermanLiterature,ofQianChunqi‘saction.(YeTingfang2010)Furthermore,QianhadtranslatedalotofpoetriescreatedbythefrenchpoetCharlesPierreBaudelaire(1821–1867)whomherespectsverymuch.Because―Baudelairehadstartedaneweraofmodernpoetry,heisthepioneerofFrenchSymbolismPoetryandregardedastheoriginatorofmodernpoetry‖.（QianChunqi1991）AndinQian‘sopinion,―itwassaid,thepoetrycollectionsofBaudelairecannotbepassedoverbyanytranslatorandcreatorofpoetry,thatisnotoverstated.‖（QianChunqi1991）Andfinally,QianChunqihadtranslatedmanyliteraryworkscreatedbyotherwriters:TheodorStorm,HermannHesse,RainerMariaRilke,StefanZweig,PaulValery,LaFontaine,MarkTwainandagroupofGermanromanticpoets.4.2Qian’stranslatedworksAccordinghisNarration,alistofallhistranslatedworkswasmadeasfollowing:Goethe:1.LyricsSelectionofGoethe（1981）(poem)2.BalladCollectionofGoethe（1983）(poem)3.DramaSelectionofGoethe（1984）(drama)4.PoetrySelectionofGoethe（1982）（1994）(poem)16 三峡大学硕士学位论文5.NewLyricsSelectionofGoethe（1989）(poem)6.Faust（1982）(drama)7.PoetryCollectionofGoethe（1982）(poem)8.100LyricsofGoethe（1992）(poem)9.LittleRoseoftheField（1987,vest-pocketedition）(poem)10.TheSorrowsofYoungWerther（1996）(fiction)Heine:1.BuchderLieder(1982)(poem)2.Zeitgedichte(1982)(poem)3.Romanzero(1982)(poem)4.AttaTroll:AMidsummerNight'sDream(1979)(longpoem)5.TheBestLyricsofHeine（1989）(poem)6.PoetryCollectionofHeine（1999）(poem)7.PoetrySelectionofHeine（1994）(poem)8.EssaySelectionofHeine（1994）(essay)Nietzsche:1.EssaySelectionofNietzsche（1995）(essay)2.PoetryCollectionofNietzsche（1986）(poem)3.PoetryCollectionofNietzsche（2003）(poem)4.ThusSpokeZarathustra（2007,editionwithdetailednotes）(essay)Schiller:1.PoetrySelectionofSchiller（1984）(poem)2.WilliamTell（1994）(fiction)OtherauthorsfromGermany,SwitzerlandandAustria:1.LyricsSelectionofStorm（1987）(poem)2.LyricsSelectionofHesse（1989）(poem)3.EssaySelectionofRilke（2002）(essay)4.EssaySelectionofZweig（2002）(essay)5.LyricsSelectionofGermanRomanticismPoets（1984）(poem)6.TheSongoftheNibelungs（1998）(poem)BaudelaireandotherFrenchauthors:1.TheFlowersofEvil（1986）(poem)2.TheFlowersofEvil·LeSpleendeParis（1998）(poem)17 三峡大学硕士学位论文3.TheFlowersofEvil（1987,selection,vest-pocketedition）(poem)4.TheFlowersofEvil（2008,illustrationedition）(poem)5.LaFontaine'sFables（1996）（2007）(fablevers)6.EssaySelectionofValery（2006）(essay)7.LyricsSelectionofwell-knownFrenchPoets（1987）(poem)MarkTwain:ThePrinceandthePauper.(fiction)4.3FeaturesofQian’stranslatedworks4.3.1FocusonpoemtranslationandonmostsignificantpoetsQianChunqihadoccupiedhimselfwithpoetrytranslating,especiallywithtranslatingofwesternclassicpoetriesofanumberofwell-knownpoets.ThefirstsentenceintheprefaceofhistranslationTheFlowersofEvilofFrenchBaudelairewas:―ThegreatestpoetsinChinaareLiBaiandDuFu,inGermanGoetheandSchiller,andinFrenchHugoandBaudelaire.‖(QianChunqi1991)Thesewordsnotonlylinedoutwhathewilltranslate,butalsoexpressedtheaimofhisengagementinpoetrytranslating,namely,translatingthebestandmostbeautifulpoetriestoChinesereaders.YeTingfangoncesaid:―Hispoemtranslationisalmost70%ofallhistranslatedworks.Especiallyintheearlierperiodinthefiftiesandsixties,whathehadtranslatedareallpoems.‖(YeTingfang2010),QianChunqitranslatedmainlypoems.Onlyapartofthemareessays,fictionsordramas.Butitdoesnotmeanthathistranslationofthelatterabovementionedisnotsignificant.HistranslationsofGoethe‘sFaustandNietzsche‘sThusspokeZarathustraarebothvaluableforthetranslationliteratureinChina.―Itistruethathehadtranslatedsomeessays,dramas,evenfictions,…helikedthosepoetssomuchthathehadalsotranslatedthebestpiecesoftheiressays.‖（YeTingfang2010）Furthermore,QianChunqi‘ssuccessintranslationalsoisbasedonhissuccessfulchoiceofsourcetext.Allthepoetrieshetranslatedarecreatedbywell-knownandimportantpoetsandhaveastrongappealtotheaudiencesinChina.Hisworksbenefitmuchfromthefameofpoetswhoseworkshehadtranslated.4.3.2TranslationofsourcetextsindifferentlanguagesItisalsoremarkablethatQianChunqihadtranslatedpoems,essaysandfictionsindifferentLanguages.HistranslationincludesnotonlyliteratureinGerman,butalsoinFrenchandeveninEnglish.ThefamousFrenchpoetBaudelaireisasignificantpoetin18 三峡大学硕士学位论文Europeanliteratureandthefounderofmodernpoetry.AndtheFrenchliteraturehasamajorinfluenceontheGermanone.ItisquitereasonablethatBaudelairecameintoQianChunqi‘ssight.HistranslationofBaudelaire‘sTheFlowersofEvilisanoutstandingoneinChinesetranslationcircle.However,histranslationofMarkTwain‘sfictionThePrinceandthePauperisindeedtheoneandonlyonefromtheAmericanLiterature.Andfinally,unlikemanyothertranslators,QianChunqihadneverpublishedtranslationfromChineseintootherLanguages.4.3.3Reachinggreatheightsinthe1980/90sAlthoughQianChunqihadalreadybeguntotranslatepoetriesinthe1950sor1960s,mostofhispoemtranslationwaspublishedinthe1980‘s,suchashistranslationofworksbyGoethe,Schiller,HeineandNietzsche.ThisperiodwasnotonlyspecialforQianChunqi,butalsoforpoemtranslationandevenforwholeculturaldevelopmentinChina.PoemtranslationinChinacametoanewclimax.Comparedwiththe1970sandbeforewhenonlyliteraryworksfromtheSovietUnionwerepermittedtobetranslatedintoChinese,therehadbeenmuchmoreliteraturefromotherculturesinthewholeworldthatwastransmittedtotheChinesepublicinthe1980s.Moreover,anewgenerationofChinesepoetslikeBeiDao,ShuTingandsoonhadsprungupandcreatedanewsituationinpoetry.Translators,formerandyoungpoetshadpushedforwardwiththedevelopmentofChinesepoetry.Poetrybecameahotissueandhadfascinatedalotofscholarsandreaders,sodidthetranslatedworksbyQianChunqiwhosetranslationwaspublishedrightintimeandhadgraspedtheopportunity.TakingQianChunqi‘stranslationasawhole,itcanbeobservedthathispoemtranslationisdistributedmainlyinthe1980/90s,andthereweremostlyessays,fictionsthathehadtranslatedorsecondeditionsofhisoldpoemtranslationinthelattertime.4.4MajorinfluenceofQian’stranslationQianChunqi‘stranslatedworksarethefirstGermanpoetriestranslatedtoChinesereaderssinceChinawasopentotheworld.Chinesepeople,includingscholars,poets,teachers,studentsandreaderswhowereinterestedinpoetriesgotthechancetoappreciatepoetriesofthegreatestGermanpoetslikeGoethe,SchillerandHeine.In1980/90sQianChunqihadmadegreatsuccessintranslation.―People'sLiteraturePublishingHousehadpublishedLyricsSelectionofGoethetranslatedbymeinNovember1981.Afterthattheselectionhadbeenprintedforseveraltimes.Thenumberofcopiesreachedfourhundred19 三峡大学硕士学位论文million.Thisbookbecameabestseller‖,saidQianinhisNarration.―ChinesepeoplehavetothankQianChunqiasapoemtranslator,becausehehadletthemgettoknowGoethe,Schiller,Heine,NietzscheandBaudelaire.‖（FuXiaoping2010）Moreover,QianChunqi‘stranslationhadalsoinfluencedthewholeChinesetranslationcirclebecauseofhisgreatachievements.ThefamoustranslatorFengZhihadoncesaid:―NoonecantranslateShakespeare‘sworksbetterthanZhuShenghao,andnoonecantranslateGoethe‘sbetterthanQianChunqi.‖QianChunqiandLüYuanareregardedasthetwogreatesttranslatorsofGermanpoetriesinChina.20 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterFiveStudyonQian’sTranslationStyle5.1DetailedresearchonsourcetextsQianChunqiattachedgreatimportancetothebackgroundofpoetsandtheirpoems.Beforehetranslatedapoem,healwaysconductedanintensiveandcomprehensiveresearchonthepoetandhisbackgroundsothathecouldhaveagoodgraspoftheauthor'sfeelings,thoughtsandsoon.Thus,hecouldhaveacorrectunderstandingofthecontentsandspiritofthepoem.Thispracticeisdirectlydemonstratedinhistranslation.Thefootnotesofhistranslatedpoemsusuallyprovidedetailedinformationaboutthepoetandhiswork.Iftheinformationwasnotclear,hewouldsharehispersonalviewpointswithreadersbasedonhispreviousstudy.Moreover,theprefacesorpostscriptsofhistranslatedworksoftencontaindetailedbackgroundoftheauthor,analysisofthecontentsofthepoemandmotivationsofthepoet.TaketheprefaceofQian‘stranslatedTheFlowersofEvilofBaudelaireforinstance,heused15pagestodiscussabouttheauthorandthepoetrycollection.AndinthepostscriptofhisFaustofGoethe,heanalyzedthewholedramawiththelengthof22pages.Butinmostcases,inhispostscripts,heoftendemonstratedhistranslatingmotivations,skillsordifficultieshehadmetinhistranslation.InthepostscriptofhistranslationLyricsSelectionofGoethe,QianChunqiintroducedthebackgroundofcreationoftheoriginalpoetry,gavedetailedreferencesofthesourcetextsandexplainedthereasonswhyhehadchosensuchtexts.ThethemeofthepostscriptfocusesonGoethe,butpeoplecanobtainsomeideasandviewpointsofFriedrichVonEngels,RomainRolland,GottfriedHerderandsoon.AlsopeoplecancompareitwithChinesepoetryinDreamoftheRedChamberandTheBookofSongs.AndinhisLyricsSelectionofGermanRomanticismPoets,morethan300poemsof25Germanromanticismpoetswereselected.QianChunqiprovidedabriefintroductiontoeverypoet.HesharedwithreadersnotonlythepoemsbutalsothespecificinformationofthepoetsandGermanromanticism.5.2BeautyinformSpecificpoeticformshavebeendevelopedbymanycultures.Inmoredeveloped,21 三峡大学硕士学位论文closedor"received"poeticforms,therhymingscheme,meterandotherelementsofapoemarebasedonsetsofrules,rangingfromtherelativelylooserulesthatgoverntheconstructionofanelegytothehighlyformalizedstructureoftheghazalorvillanelle.Themethodsforcreatingpoeticrhythmvaryindifferentlanguagesandindifferentpoetictraditions.Languagesareoftendescribedashavingtimingsetprimarilybyaccents,syllables,dependingonhowrhythmisestablished,thoughalanguagecanbeinfluencedbymultipleaspects.Qianmainlytranslatedwesternmetricalverses.Inhistranslatedworks,hepaidgreatattentiontothetranslationoftheformandrhythmofthepoems.InQian‘sopinion,―formandmeaningareunifiedinapoem.Aninformativepoemwithoutbeautifulformcannotmovereaders.‖―Andtheword‗form‘here,specifically,referstopoeticalmeter,rhyme,tonalpatternandstyleofpoetryandothers.‖（QianChunqi2005）Andthenhecametoaconclusion,―totranslateforeignpoems,notonlymeaning,butalsoformofthetranslatedoneshouldbefaithfultotheoriginal.Theformoftheoriginalpoemshouldbegraftedontothetranslatedoneasfaraspossible.‖(QianChunqi2005)Therefore,Qianmadegreateffortstoensuretheformalequivalencebetweenthetargettextandthesourcetext.InhistranslationAttaTroll,QianChunqisucceededintransplantingforms.AttaTrollwasalongpoemcreatedbyHeine.An/dre/Zei/ten,an/dreVö/gel!An/dre/Vö/gel,an/dre/Lie/der!Sie/ge/fie/len/mir/viel/leicht,Wenn/ich/an/dre/Oh/ren/hät/te!Heinecreatedeverystanzaasabove:eachlinehassixmetricfeetandnorhymeending.BecausethemetricfootinChinesepoemisdifferent,QianChunqitranslateditwiththemethodnamed“以顿代步”tomakehistranslationequivalentinform:换/一个/时代/，换/一批/鸟！换/一批/鸟/，换/一种/歌曲！要是/我/也/换一换/耳朵，或许/会/使/我/觉得/动听。AnotherpoemtranslatedbyQianChunqi:WandrersNachtliedÜberallenGipfeln22 三峡大学硕士学位论文IstRuh,InallenWipfelnSpürestduKaumeinenHauch;DieVögeleinschweigenimWalde.Wartenur,baldeRuhestduauch.浪游者之歌群峰一片沉寂，树梢微风敛迹。林中栖鸟缄默，稍待你也安息。(钱春绮)Comparedwithdifferenttranslationsbyothertranslators,thebeautyinformofQian‘stranslationstandsoutimmediately.一切的峰顶沉静，一切的树尖全不见丝儿风影。小鸟们在林间无声等着罢：俄顷你也要安静。（梁忠岱）一切的山之顶，沉静，一切的树梢，全不见些儿风影；小鸟们在林中无声。23 三峡大学硕士学位论文少时倾。你快也安静。（郭沫若）5.3ParticularannotationsFurthermore,anoutstandingfeatureofQian‘stranslatedworksisthathegavealotofparticularannotations.Theaimofpoetrytranslationistofaithfullytransmitmeanings,ideasandartisticbeautyoftheoriginalpoetrytothereader.However,completeequivalenceisalmostnotpossiblebecauseoftheparticularityofpoetry.Therefore,manypartsoftheoriginalpoetryareregardedasuntranslatable.―Althoughpoetryisuntranslatableordifficulttotranslate,wehavetoovercomethedifficultieswemeetandtranslatepoetryfromallovertheworldintoChineseforreaders.‖(QianChunqi2005）Readers,whocannotreadtheoriginalpoeminsource-language,appreciateitonlywithhelpofthetranslators.Footnotesplayacrucialroleinhelpingreadersappreciatethepoetry.Themoredetailednotesthereare,themoreinformationcouldbeprovidedoutoftheverse,andthebetterreaderscancomprehendthepoem.Notespushthereaderclosertothewriter.Poetry,inparticular,isadistinctiveliteraryformcharacterizedbyitstersenessinlanguage,uniquenessinformsandexquisitenessinartisticconception.Thefeelingandthinkingfromtheinnerheartofthewriterexpressedbyeachpieceofpoetryarequitesubjective,andmostofthetime,theyjustflashintothewriter‘smindunexpectedly.Therefore,whenareaderreadsapieceofpoetrytranslationwithoutknowingmuchaboutthewriter,andwithoutnotesgivenbythetranslatorconcerningthecircumstancesunderwhichthepoemhasbeencomposed,mostprobably,hewillnotunderstanditcompletely.Andiftheoriginalversionisfullofchapterandverse,whereasthetranslatedversionisshortofnotesindetail,readerswillmostlikelygetlost.QianChunqitakesnotesseriously.Heattachedalotmorefootnotesthanothertranslators.Forinstance,hetranslatedNietzsche‘sThusSpokeZarathustraandcalledit―versionwithdetailednotes‖.―Altogether,thereare1800notesinthevisionversion,whichoccupiesabout1/5ofthewholelengthofthebook.‖(YeTingfang2010）24 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterSixCaseStudy:AnalysisofQian’sTranslatedPoemInordertobetterclarifyQianChunqi‘stranslationstyleandhisviewpointsontranslation,theauthorwillanalyzeapoemtranslatedbyQianinthefollowingsection.SinceitisdifficulttogetthesameversionoftheoriginalpoemQianhasused,thefollowingGermanversionisprobablyonlythesameincontents.6.1SourceandtranslatedpoemZueignungIhrnahteuchwieder,schwankendeGestalten,DiefrühsicheinstdemtrübenBlickgezeigt.Versuchichwohl,euchdiesmalfestzuhalten?FühlichmeinHerznochjenemWahngeneigt?Ihrdrängteuchzu!nungut,somögtihrwalten,WieihrausDunstundNebelummichsteigt;MeinBusenfühltsichjugendlicherschüttertVomZauberhauch,dereurenZugumwittert.IhrbringtmiteuchdieBilderfroherTage,UndmancheliebeSchattensteigenauf;Gleicheineralten,halbverklungnenSageKommtersteLiebundFreundschaftmitherauf;DerSchmerzwirdneu,eswiederholtdieKlageDesLebenslabyrinthischirrenLauf,UndnenntdieGuten,die,umschöneStundenVomGlückgetäuscht,vormirhinweggeschwunden.SiehörennichtdiefolgendenGesänge,DieSeelen,denenichdieerstensang;ZerstobenistdasfreundlicheGedränge,Verklungen,ach!derersteWiderklang.MeinLiedertöntderunbekanntenMenge,IhrBeifallselbstmachtmeinemHerzenbang,25 三峡大学硕士学位论文UndwassichsonstanmeinemLiederfreuet,Wennesnochlebt,irrtinderWeltzerstreuet.UndmichergreifteinlängstentwöhntesSehnenNachjenemstillen,ernstenGeisterreich,EsschwebetnuninunbestimmtenTönenMeinlispelndLied,derÄolsharfegleich,EinSchauerfaßtmich,TränefolgtdenTränen,DasstrengeHerz,esfühltsichmildundweich;Wasichbesitze,sehichwieimWeiten,Undwasverschwand,wirdmirzuWirklichkeiten.献诗⑴你们又走近了，飘渺无定的姿影⑵，当初曾在我朦胧⑶的眼前浮现。这次我可要试图把你们抓紧？我的心似乎还把那幻想⑷怀念？你们过来吧！很好，随你们高兴，你们已从云雾⑸中飘到我身边；在你们四周荡漾的魅惑的气息，使我胸中震撼着青春的活力。你们带来了欢乐时辰的形象，许多可爱的幽魂⑹飘飘上升；就像半忘的古老的故事一样，初恋⑺和友谊⑻也随着你们复生；苦痛更新，又勾起我的哀伤，重寻那迷宫⑼似的人生旅程，呼唤先我而逝的良朋的名字，他们被命运拨弄，丧失了良时。听我朗诵最初几幕的人们，他们再听不到以后的诗章；26 三峡大学硕士学位论文亲切的友群⑽如今各自纷飞，最初的共鸣可叹已经绝响。我的悲歌⑾打动陌生的世人，他们的赞许反使我觉得心伤⑿，从前欣赏过我的诗歌的诸公⒀，即使健在，也已各自西东。我又感到久已忘情的憧憬，怀念起森严沉寂的幽灵之邦⒁，我的微语之歌⒂,象风神之琴⒃，发出的音调飘忽无定地荡漾，我全身战栗，我的眼泪盈盈，严酷的心也象软化了一样；眼前的一切，仿佛已跟我远离，消逝的一切，却又在化为现实。6.2Analysisofsourceandtranslatedpoem6.2.1AnalysisofthesourcepoemItisapreliminaryofpoemofthedramaFaustbyJohannWolfgangvonGoethe,afamousandimportantwriterinGermanliterature.Theoriginaltextisfromthe―Gutenberg-Projekt‖oftheGermanmagazineTheMirror,andthetranslatedoneisfromQianChunqi‘sFaust,publishedbyShanghaiTranslationPublishingHousein1989.Footnotesinthetranslatedtextareallprovidedinaneworder,butwithoutdetailedinterpretations.Goethedidnotwriteforalongtime.Later,hedecidedtogoonwithhiswritingofFaust.In1797,attheageof48,Goethewrotethepoem.Herecalledthepastyearsandwrotethepoem.Inthisshortpoem,Goethedescribedthethoughtsthatranthroughhismindashesatinhisstudy,preparingtoworkonthemanuscriptofFaustafterapauseofmanyyears.Heseemedtoseevagueformsandshadowsfloatingintheairbeforehiseyes,ghoststhathadpersecutedhimallhislife,butatthattimetheypresseduponhisconsciousnesswithmoreintensitythaneverbefore.Astheseformsbecomechargedwithgreateremotionalsignificanceforhim,theworldofrealityinwhichGoethelivedseemedtofallbackintodistantrecessesofhismind.Theseformsrepresentedthelonggone27 三峡大学硕士学位论文friendsandlovedonesofGoethe'syouth,aswellastheideashehopedtovoiceinFaust.Amoodofsadbutfirmresolutioncameovertohimashedeterminedtogivenewlifetotheseshadows—ideashecouldnotescape,whichhadasortofindependentexistence.Despitethemelancholytoneofhiswords,Goethecommunicatedafeelingoffirmnessandstrengththatwouldbemaintainedthroughoutthepoem.Thepoemishighlyrigorousinitsstructureandform.Ithas4stanzas.Eachstanzawith8lineshasarhymingstructurein―abababcc‖.Andallthe4stanzashavethesameorganization:Lines1-6:eachlineinoddnumberhas11syllables,footin2syllables;inevennumber10syllables,footinsinglesyllable.Lines7-8:eachlinehas11syllables,footin2syllables.Asitshowsinthelaststanza:Und/mich/er/greift/ein/längst/ent/wöhn/tes/She/nen(a)Nach/je/nemstil/len,ern/stenGeis/ter/reich,(b)Es/schwe/betnun/in/un/be/stimm/tenTö/nen(a)Mein/lis/pelnd/Lied/,der/Ä/ols/har/fe/gleich,(b)Ein/Schau/er/faßt/mich/,Trä/nefolgt/den/Trä/nen,(a)Das/stren/geHerz/,es/fühlt/sich/mild/und/weich;(b)Was/ich/be/si/tze,she/ich/wie/im/Wei/ten,(c)Und/was/ver/schwand/,wird/mir/zu/Wirk/lich/kei/ten.(c)Intermofthelanguage,thepoemwaswrittenincommonwordsandphrases.Thesentencesarenotverycomplicatedandeasytounderstand.However,sincethepoemtellsaboutintimateeventsorrelatedpersonsoftheauthor,itisnoteasytototallycomprehendthemeaningofthepoem,ifreadersarenotfamiliarwithGoethe.6.2.2AnalysisofthetranslatedpoemWhenQianChunqitranslatedthispoem,hetookmanyelementsintoconsideration.Naturally,histranslationofitisundoubtedlyasuccessfulone.Firstly,intermofcontents,thetranslationisfaithfultotheoriginal.Inthefirststanza,thepoetrememberedfiguresandpicturesinhisworkFaust,whichhehadevercreatedlongtimeago.Hefeltallthefigurescomingbacktohimandimpelledtogoonwithhiscreation.Butatthesametime,thesituationbroughthimalsobackintohisownpastlifetime.Inthenexttwostanzasherecalledsomeonehehadeverloved,andoldfriends,alsolistenersofhiscreatedworks,withwhomhesharedexitingmomentsinpastyears.28 三峡大学硕士学位论文Butthesepeoplewereawayfromhim.Onlythefigureshehadcreatedappearedstillbeforehiseyes.Thatistheimageryinthelasttwolines―WhatIpossess,seemsfarawaytome,Andwhatisgonebecomesreality.‖ThepoemstatesnotonlysomethingaboutGoethe‘sFaust,butalsotellsaboutGoethe‘sownlifeandhiscreationofthework.QianChunqiwasfamiliarwitheverydetailaboutGoethe.Heexactlygraspedwhattheauthorexpressedandwhatthephrasesinoriginaltextmeant,forexample:Original:IhrbringtmiteuchdieBilderfroherTage,UndmancheliebeSchattensteigenauf;Gleicheineralten,halbverklungnenSageKommtersteLiebundFreundschaftmitherauf;Qian‘sTranslation:你们带来了欢乐时辰的形象，许多可爱的幽魂⑹飘飘上升；就像半忘的古老的故事一样，初恋⑺和友谊⑻也随着你们复生；WiththeselinesGoetherecalledpeopleinhisreallife.„dieBilderfroherTage―,„liebeSchatten―,„ersteLiebundFreundschaft―refertohissister,agirlwhomhelovedandsomeotherfriends.QianChunqiprovideddetailednamesoftheminfootnotes.Secondly,intermofform,QianChunqipaidgreatattentiontotherigorousoriginal.Thetranslatortranslatedthesamenumberofstanzasandlinesinhistranslation.Alsotheoriginalrhymingstructurein―abababcc‖wastransplantedwithperfectfeetofChinesepoems,eventhoughthefeetinsingleortwosyllablesareinfactnottorealizeinChineselanguage.Comparedwiththeoriginal,thelinesinthetranslatedoneareallcreatedin6feet,forexample:你们/又/走近了/，飘渺/无定的/姿影，(ying)当初/曾在/我/朦胧的/眼前/浮现。(xian)这次/我/可要/试图/把你们/抓紧？(jin)我的心/似乎/还/把那/幻想/怀念？(nian)你们/过来吧/！很好/，随/你们/高兴，(xing)你们/已/从云雾中/飘到/我/身边；(bian)在/你们/四周/荡漾的/魅惑的/气息，(xi)29 三峡大学硕士学位论文使/我/胸中/震撼着/青春的/活力。(li)Intermoflinguisticsetting,QianusedcommonwordsandphrasesthatarefamiliartotheaudienceinChineselanguage,asGoethedidinhispoem.Thesewordsandphrases,suchas“飘飘上升”、“更新”、“健在”、“半忘的”areoftenusedinmodernChineseandeasytounderstand,butmakeforfineimageryasinoriginalpoem.Furthermore,thetranslatorreorderedsomepoeticlinestoconformChinesemodeofthinking.ThisunfaithfulrenderingiscertainlyacceptableanddoeswelltoChinesereaders.Finally,Qian‘stranslationcontainsdetailednotes.AstheChineseversionaboveshows,thetranslatedpoemisnotverylong,butithas16footnotes.Everyplace,wherereadersprobablyfeelunknownordifficulttocomprehend,afootnoteisattached,fromthetimeandmotivationoftheauthor‘screationtohisfamilymembersandfriends,fromGreekmythos,FausttoAeoliansharps,evenawrongspelledword―Lied‖,allindetail.6.3SummaryQianChunqiabidedbythe3standards―faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance‖inhistranslation.Hisworksarefaithfultotheoriginalandcontainmeaningsandideasoftheoriginalinfull.Andhewastryinghisbesttokeephistranslationformalsimilartotheoriginal.Hetookfulladvantageofnotestoprovidemoredetailinformationoutofthepoem.30 三峡大学硕士学位论文ChapterSevenConclusion7.1NewfindingsFromtheaboveanalysisanddiscussion,theauthordrawsthefollowingconclusions.First,QianChunqiisapractice-basedtranslatorandhemaderemarkableachievementsinpoetrytranslation.Asasuccessfulpoetrytranslator,hehasmadegreatcontributionstothisarea.HisworksarethefirstGermanpoetrytranslatedtoChinesereaderssinceChinawasopentotheworld.Chinesepeople,includingscholars,poets,teachers,studentsandreaderswhowereinterestedinpoetrygotthechancetoappreciatepoetryofthegreatestGermanpoetslikeGoethe,SchillerandHeine.Second,hepracticedalotonpoetrytranslation,whichisaprecioustreasureforthecomingtranslators.Inhistranslation,hedidintensiveresearchonsourcetexts,originalpoetryandotheraspects.Hepaidgreatattentiontoformofpoetry,sparednoeffortstotranslaterhyminginmetricalpoemsandprovidedmoredetailedfootnotes.Histranslationisespeciallypopularamongthereaders,notonlybecauseofhisnumeroustranslatedworks,butalsostrategyandmethodsintranslattion.Byreadinghistranslation,readerscannotonlyenjoythebeautyoftheoriginalpoetry,butalsoappreciatetheartofhistranslation.Furthermore,althoughhedidnotexpressmanystatementsintranslationtheory,hisviewpoints,suchas―poettranslatingpoem‖,―formtransplantation‖,―Linguisticcompetenceasthepremiseoftranslating‖and―apoetryisaunityofspiritandform‖,areenormouslyenlighteningfortranslators.Allinall,basedonhissolidlanguagefoundationandprofoundknowledge,QianChunqihadmassivetranslationpractice.Accordingly,hehadhisstandpointsaboutpoetrytranslationandformedhisowntranslationstyle.Likewise,histranslationthoughtstestedinthesubstantialpracticeguidedandbetteredhistranslation,whichultimatelyenabledhimtoobtainremarkableachievementsinpoetrytranslation.7.2LimitationsandsuggestionsThepresentstudyhascertainlimitationsthatneedtobetakenintoaccount.Qiandevotedhimselftohistranslationandalwayskeptlow-key.Heseldomofferedcriticismonothertranslatorsandtheirworks.Hedidn‘twritemanyarticlesonhisowntranslationthoughts.Onlyafewarticlesdiscussedabouthimorhistranslationactivities.31 三峡大学硕士学位论文Thoughmostofhisworksoftencontainprefacesandpostscripts,henarratedinthesearticlesmoreaboutthesourcetextsoritsauthorsandwrotenotsomuchabouthisideasorviewpoints.Therefore,astudyabouthisthoughtsislimited.ThecasestudyaboveanalyzedasingletranslatedpoembyQianChunqi.Itisnotconvincingenoughtopresenthistranslationstyleandhisviewpointsontranslation.Sincehetranslatedalotofpoemsofmanywell-knownpoets,analysisofatranslatedcollectionsoraseriesoftranslatedpoemwillbebettertoachievemoreabouthistranslationstyle.Thustherecouldbeotherextensivefieldofresearch,suchasintensivelyandspecificallystudyingeachofhisworks,orcomparinghistranslatedworkswithcontemporarypoeticcreationandtranslation.Forsuchcomparisonmayhelpusunderstandandpromotethedevelopmentofcontemporarypoetry.32 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三峡大学硕士学位论文Appendix1.刘盛泉.浅谈旅游翻译中的归化与异化方法的应用.科技视界,201335 三峡大学硕士学位论文AcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,Iwouldliketoshowmydeepestgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorLiuXuanchuan,arespectable,responsibleandresourcefulscholar,whohasprovidedmewithvaluableguidanceineverystageofthewritingofthisthesis.Withouthisenlighteninginstruction,impressivekindnessandpatience,Icouldnothavecompletedmythesis.Hiskeenandvigorousacademicobservationenlightensmenotonlyinthisthesisbutalsoinmyfuturestudy.AlsoIwouldthankalltheprofessorsintheFacultyofCollegeofForeignLanguages,ChinaThreeGorgesUniversity,whohavegreatlybenefitedmyintellectualgrowththroughtheirinspiringlectures.Andalso,mywarmthanksgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirloveandtrustaccompaniedwithmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandfellowclassmates,especiallyShiXinhua,HuYuanyuan,WuDuanliandChenYanbai,whohavegivenmetheirhelp.36 三峡大学硕士学位论文指导教师________________________学科（系）主任________________________院分管领导________________________37