Springer.Modern.Applied.Statistics.With.S

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1、ModernAppliedStatisticswithSFourtheditionbyW.N.VenablesandB.D.RipleySpringer(mid2002)Final15March2002PrefaceSisalanguageandenvironmentfordataanalysisoriginallydevelopedatBellLaboratories(ofAT&TandnowLucentTechnologies).Itbecamethestatisti-cianscalculatorforthe1990s,allowingeasya

2、ccesstothecomputingpowerandgraphicalcapabilitiesofmodernworkstationsandpersonalcomputers.Variousimplementationshavebeenavailable,currentlyS-PLUS,acommercialsystemfromtheInsightfulCorporation1inSeattle,andR,2anOpenSourcesystemwrit-tenbyateamofvolunteers.BothcanberunonWindowsandar

3、angeofUNIX/Linuxoperatingsystems:RalsorunsonMacintoshes.Thisisthefourtheditionofabookwhichfirstappearedin1994,andtheSenvironmenthasgrownrapidlysince.Thisbookconcentratesonusingthecurrentsystemstodostatistics;thereisacompanionvolume(VenablesandRipley,2000)whichdiscussesprogramming

4、intheSlanguageinmuchgreaterdepth.SomeofthemorespecializedfunctionalityoftheSenvironmentiscoveredinon-linecomplements,additionalsectionsandchapterswhichareavailableontheWorldWideWeb.ThedatasetsandSfunctionsthatweusearesuppliedwithmostSenvironmentsandarealsoavailableon-line.Thisis

5、notatextinstatisticaltheory,butdoescovermodernstatisticalmethod-ology.Eachchaptersummarizesthemethodsdiscussed,inordertosetoutthenotationandtheprecisemethodimplementedinS.(Itwillhelpifthereaderhasabasicknowledgeofthetopicofthechapter,butseveralchaptershavebeensuc-cessfullyusedfo

6、rspecializedcoursesinstatisticalmethods.)OuraimisrathertoshowhowweanalysedatasetsusingS.IndoingsoweaimtoshowbothhowScanbeusedandhowtheavailabilityofapowerfulandgraphicalsystemhasalteredthewayweapproachdataanalysisandallowspenetratinganalysestobeperformedroutinely.Oncecalculation

7、becameeasy,thestatisticiansenergiescouldbedevotedtounderstandinghisorherdataset.ThecoreSlanguageisnotverylarge,butitisquitedifferentfrommostotherstatisticssystems.Wedescribethelanguageinsomedetailinthefirstthreechap-ters,buttheseareprobablybestskimmedatfirstreading.Oncethephilosop

8、hyofthelanguageisgrasped,itsconsistencyandlogic