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1、人文暨社會科學期刊第六卷第二期民國九十九年13JournalofHumanitiesandSocialSciences,Vol.6,No.2,pp.13-22(2010)理性與情感之關係-論休謨的道德情感主義洪櫻芬國立澎湖科技大學通識教育中心880澎湖縣馬公市六合路300號摘要對休謨來說,人具有理性能辨別真假之事實,此雖不容否定,但「道德」只源自於「情感」(passion)。善惡是基於與激情有關的道德情感而來,道德判定奠定在快樂與否之情感,人之理性應該聽從於情感。儘管理性推理對於修正情感有其重要性,但理性終究由情感所推動,亦即,理性雖能提示何種行為具有最大效益
2、,卻無法喚起快樂與痛苦的感受,從理性之「真」與「是」,不必然得出道德之「善」與「應該」,從事實領域的實然到價值領域的應然,兩者橫亙一條鴻溝,此不會因理性而消弭。因為驅使我們行動的力量是情感,理性不能對情感作任何層面的批判。道德的形成,源自於主體之情感,倘若少了情感之指引,理性活動之目的亦不復存在。因著對情感的關注,休謨對人之探究,細膩的深入情感範疇,由心理活動及機制來觀察,為人性的多元面貌,歸納普遍而基本的傾向與原則,也為道德價值之實現,開闢了廣闊的情感之路。本文擬透過休謨學說,探討在道德判斷的進程上,理性與情感之彼此消長,所呈現的微妙關係,以進一步闡析道德、
3、情感和理性之關聯。關鍵詞:休謨,情感,理性,道德,正義TheRelationshipbetweenReasonandPassioninHume’sMoralSentimentalismYING-FENHUNGGeneralEducationCenter,NationalPenghuUniversityNo.300,Liu-HoRd.,MakungCity,PenghuHsien880,Taiwan,R.O.C.ABSTRACTTheScottishphilosopherandhistorianDavidHume(1711-1776)believedthathu
4、manbeingspossesstheattributeofreason,whichenablesthemtodistinguishbetweentruthandfalsehood.Morespecifically,heassertedthatmoralityoriginatesonlyfrompassion,thatgoodandevilemanatefromperception,andthatdecisionsconcerningthemoralityorimmoralityofanactiondependonwhethertheagentsensesap
5、ositive(orhappy)passion.Therefore,Humeinsistedthathumanreasonoughttobesubmittedtopassion.AlthoughtheexistingcriticalliteraturecontainsmuchdiscussionofHume'sconceptofthecomplementaritybetweenreasonandpassion,littleattentionhasbeendirectedtowardhistheoryofmoralsentimentalism.Hence,myd
6、escriptive-analyticalstudyofselectedphilosophicalwritingsbyHumefocusesonthisaspectofhisthought.14人文暨社會科學期刊第六卷第二期民國九十九年AccordingtoHume,althoughjudgmentorinferencebyreasonplaysasignificantroleincorrectingpassion,reasonisultimatelypoweredbypassion.Hence,reasondoesnotpossesstheabilityto
7、allowfeelingsofhappinessandpain,althoughitmaybecapableofremindingapersonofthebestbenefitofanaction.Ifitisthenatureofreasontoalwaysberequiredtopursue“truth”and“righteousness,”suchpursuitdoesnotalwaysresultin“beinggood”and“oughttobe”propositionsHumeperceivedalargegapbetween“itis”and“i
8、tshouldbe”whichcann