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1、ToappearinBulletinoftheInstituteofHistoryandPhilology,AcademiaSinicaArgumentsAgainstÔSubjectÕandÔDirectObjectÕasViableConceptsinChinese*RandyJ.LaPollaInstituteofHistory&PhilologyAcademiaSinica1.0INTRODUCTIONThirty-oneyearsagoTsu-linMei(1961)arguedagainstthetraditionaldoctrinethatsawthesubject-pre
2、dicatedistinctioningrammarasparalleltotheparticular-universaldistinctioninlogic,ashesaiditwasareflexofanIndo-Europeanbias,andcouldnotbevalid,asÔChinese...doesnotadmitadistinctionintosubjectandpredicateÕ(p.153).ThishasnotstoppedlinguistsworkingonChinesefromattemptingtodefineÔsubjectÕ(andÔobjectÕ)i
3、nChinese.ThoughanumberoflinguistshavelamentedthedifficultiesintryingtodefinetheseconceptsforChinese(seebelow),mostworkdoneonChinesestillassumesthatChinesemusthavethesamegrammaticalfeaturesasIndo-European,suchashavingasubjectandadirectobject,thoughnoattemptismadetojustifythatview.Thispaperchalleng
4、esthatviewandarguesthattherehasbeennogrammaticalizationofsyntacticfunctionsinChinese.Thecorrectassignmentofsemanticrolestotheconstituentsofadiscourseisdonebythelisteneronthebasisofthediscoursestructureandpragmatics(informationflow,inference,relevance,andrealworldknowledge)(cf.Li&Thompson1978,1979
5、;LaPolla1990).1.1SYNTACTICFUNCTIONSSubjectanddirectobjectaregenerallyreferedtointheliteratureasÔgrammaticalrelationsÕ.IwillbreakwithtraditionanduseGRAMMATICALRELATIONStorefertoalloftherelationalsystemsthatmightbeinvolvedinagrammar:syntacticrelations,semanticrelations,andpragmaticrelations.Inthisp
6、aperIwillbediscussingsyntacticrelations,andIwillusethetermSYNTACTICFUNCTIONtorefertotheconceptsÔsubjectÔ,ÔdirectobjectÔ,andÔindirectobjectÕ.Thesetermsrepresentparticularrestrictedneutralizationsofsemanticrolesinparticularsyntacticenvironments(seebelow).InorderforustosaythatalanguagehasaÔsubjectÕ,
7、etc.,weneedtofindthatinmostsyntacticenvironments(i.e.inmostconstructions)inthelanguage,thereissucharestrictedneutralization.InfactweneedtofindTHESAMErestrictedneutralizationinallormostoftheconstructionsinthelanguagefor
