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1、ProgressinQuantumElectronics23(1999)51}96Photoniccrystalsintheopticalregime*past,presentandfutureThomasF.Krauss*,RichardM.DeLaRueDepartmentofElectronicsandElectricalEngineering,TheUniversityofGlasgow,G128LT,Scotland,UKAbstractDuringthelastdecade,photoniccrystals,alsoknownasphotonicmicros
2、tructuresorphotonicbandgapstructures,havematuredfromanintellectualcuriosityconcerningelectro-magneticwavestoa"eldwithrealapplicationsinboththemicrowaveandopticalregime.Inthisreview,weshallfocusonprogressandtheprospectsforsemiconductorstructuresthatmainlyinvolveguidedmodesinteractingwithp
3、eriodicstructures,butwealsoevaluatealterna-tivematerialsystemsandfabricationmethods,e.g.thosebasedonself-organisation.Weshallgofrombasicconcepts,viaadiscussionofthestateoftheart,todeviceapplications.Naturally,thediscussionoftheapplicationswillbemorespeculative,butweattempttoevaluatethere
4、alprospectso!eredbyphotoniccrystalsatopticalfrequencieswhileconsideringpracticallimita-tions.Indoingso,weidentifyavarietyofareassuchasthecombinationofquantumdotlightemitterswithphotoniccrystalsthatseemparticularlypromising.Wediscusstheprospectsforenhancedlight}matterinteractionsinphotoni
5、ccrystalsandtherelatedmaterialanddesignissues.Overall,theaimofthisreviewistointroducethereadertotheconceptsofphotoniccrystals,describethestateoftheartandattempttoanswerthequestionofwhatusesthesepeculiarstructuresmayhave.(1999ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.Keywords:Photoniccrystal;P
6、hotonicbandgap;LED;Laser;Optoelectronicmaterials;Semiconductors1.Introduction522.Thepast*howdiditallstart?532.1.Thebasicconcept532.2.Initialrealisation543.Thepresent*state-of-the-art573.1.Howtomakeaphotoniccrystal?573.2.Di!erentmethodsofcharacterisingphotoniccrystals67*Correspondingautho
7、r.E-mailaddress:t.krauss@elec.gla.ac.uk(T.F.Krauss)0079-6727/99/$-seefrontmatter(1999ElsevierScienceLtd.Allrightsreserved.PII:S0079-6727(99)00004-X52T.F.Krauss,R.M.DeLaRue/ProgressinQuantumElectronics23(1999)51}964.Thefuture*applicationsforphotoniccrystals704.1.Lightemitt
