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1、毕业论文外文翻译外文题目:THESOURCESOFINNOVATION出处:UniversityofCalifornia作者:EricvonHippel1overviewIthaslongbeenassumedthatproductinnovationsaretypicallydevelopedbyproductmanufacturers.Becausethisassumptiondealswiththebasicmatterofwhotheinnovatoris,ithasinevitablyhadamajorimpactoninnovation-
2、relatedresearch,onfirms'managementofresearchanddevelopment,andongovernmentinnovationpolicy.However,itnowappearsthatthisbasicassumptionisoftenwrong.InthisbookIbeginbypresentingaseriesofstudiesshowingthatthesourcesofinnovationvarygreatly.Insomefields,innovationusersdevelopmostinn
3、ovations.Inothers,suppliersofinnovation-relatedcomponentsandmaterialsarethetypicalsourcesofinnovation.Instillotherfields,conventionalwisdomholdsandproductmanufacturersareindeedthetypicalinnovators.Next,Iexplorewhythisvariationinthefunctionalsourcesofinnovationoccursandhowitmigh
4、tbepredicted.Finally,Iproposeandtestsomeimplicationsofreplacingamanufacturer-as-innovatorassumptionwithaviewoftheinnovationprocessaspredictablydistributedacrossusers,manufacturers,suppliers,andothers.2variationsintheFunctionalSourceofInnovationWehaveseenthatuserssometimesinnova
5、te.Butdotheyalways?Ordoesthefunctionalsourceofinnovationvaryinsomemannerbetweenusers,manufacturers,suppliers,andothers?Tobeabletoanswerthesequestions,wemusthavedataonthesourcesofinnovationcharacteristicofatleastafewmoretypesofinnovation.Therefore,mystudentsandIundertookthesixbr
6、iefstudiesIwilldescribeinthischapter.Eachofthesixstudiesexaminesadifferenttypeofinnovation.ThefirstfourIwillreviewconsiderinnovationcategorieschosentomatchmyownareasoftechnicalknowledgeandthoseofthegraduatestudentsparticipatinginourproject.ThechoiceoftopicsforthelasttwostudiesI
7、willreviewwasmadeonadifferentbasis,whichIwillspelloutwhendiscussingthem.Eachstudyusesidenticalmethods,sothattheirresultsarecommensurable,andeachistightlyfocusedonasingleissue:Whatarethesourcesofinnovation?Thesestudiesfindthatthefunctionalsourceofinnovationdiffersstrikinglyacros
8、stheseveraltypesofproductandprocessinnovationIhaveexpl