Anhydrous(无水的)

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1、Chapter7PipelinesBriefHistoryPlayedanimportantroleinthetransportationindustryinthepost-WorldWarIIera.Earlyinthetwentiethcentury,theoilcompaniesoperatedthepipelinesasintegratedsubsidiariesandoftenusedthemtocontroltheoilindustrybynotprovidingneededtransportationservicetonewproducers.Signif

2、icanceofPipelinesPipelinesarelimitedinthemarketstheyserveandverylimitedinthecommoditiestheycanhaul.Theonlymodewithnobackhaul,;i.e.,theyareunidirectionalwithproductsthatonlymoveinonedirectionthroughtheline.SignificanceofPipelinesMorethan57.5percentofthetotalintercityton-milesshippedintheU

3、Sin1995.Theyarevirtuallyunknowntothegeneralpublicbutrepresentakeycomponentinourtransportationsystem.P.195.Pipelinediametershaveincreasedinrecentyears,andthelargerdiametershaveincreasedcapacitysignificantlybecauseoftheincreasedvolumethatcanmovethroughthepipeline.TypesofCarriers&OwnershipA

4、lthoughsomeprivatecarriersexisttoday,thefor-hirecarriersdominatetheindustryassocalledcommoncarriers.Oilcompanieshavebeentheprincipalownersofpipelines.NumberofCarriersLiketherailroadindustry,thepipelinehasasmallnumberofverylargecarriersthatdominatetheindustry.20majorintegratedoilcompanies

5、controlcontrolabouttwo-thirdsofthecrudeoilpipelinemileage.NumberofCarriersReasonsforthelimitednumberofpipelinecompanies.Start-upcostsarehigh.Likerailroadsandpublicutilities,theeconomiesofscalearesuchthatduplicationorparallelcompetinglineswouldbeuneconomicA12-inchpipelineoperatingatcapaci

6、tycantransportthreetimesasmuchoilasaneight-inchpipeline.OilCarriersP.197.Intercityton-milesincreasedto628billionin1997.Thereportedoperatingrevenuedecreasedfrom1985to1992byalmost4percent.However,oilpipelinesplayamajorroleinourtransportationnetwork,becausetheytransportmorethan20percentofth

7、etotalintercityton-miles.NaturalGasCarriersThemovementdatafornaturalgasarepresentedincubicfeet,ratherthanton-miles.P.197.Showsthatoperatingrevenuesalsodecreasedin1985withthedeclineofthevolumemoved.CommoditiesHauledVeryspecializedcarrierinthattheytransportaverylimitedvarie