自由贸易有利于环保吗【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文IsFreeTradeGoodfortheEnvironment?MaterialSource:AmericanEconomicReviewAuthor:BrianR.CopelandThedebateovertheroleinternationaltradeplaysindeterminingenvironmentaloutcomeshasattimesgeneratedmoreheatthanlight.Theoreticalworkhasbeensuccessfulinidentifyinga

2、seriesofhypotheseslinkingopennesstotradeandenvironmentalquality,buttheempiricalverificationofthesehypotheseshasseriouslylagged.Foremostamongtheseisthepollutionhavenhypothesisthatsuggestsrelativelylow-incomedevelopingcountrieswillbemadedirtierwithtrade.Itsnat

3、uralalternative,thesimplefactorendowmenthypothesis,suggeststhatdirtycapitalintensiveprocessesshouldrelocatetotherelativelycapitalabundantdevelopedcountrieswithtrade.EmpiricalworkbyGrossmanandKrueger(1993),Jaffeetal.(1995)andTobey(1990)castseriousdoubtonthest

4、rengthofthesimplepollutionhavenhypothesisbecausetheyfindtradeflowsareprimarilyresponsivetofactorendowmentconsiderationsandapparentlynotresponsivetodifferencesinpollutionabatementcosts.Doesthismeanthattradehasnoeffectontheenvironment?Thispapersetsoutatheoryof

5、how"openness"tointernationalgoodsmarketsaffectspollutionlevelstoassesstheenvironmentalconsequencesofinternationaltrade.Wedevelopatheoreticalmodeltodividetrade'simpactonpollutionintoscale,techniqueandcompositioneffectsandthenexaminethistheoryusingdataonsulfur

6、dioxideconcentrationsfromtheGlobalEnvironmentMonitoringProject.Thedecompositionoftrade'seffectintoscale,techniqueandcompositioneffectshasprovenusefulinothercontexts[seeGrossmanandKrueger(1993),CopelandandTaylor(1994,1995)]andherewemoveonestepforwardtoprovide

7、estimatesoftheirmagnitude.Wefindthatinternationaltradecreatesrelativelysmallchangesinpollutionconcentrationswhenitaltersthecomposition,andhencethepollutionintensity,ofnationaloutput.Combiningthisresultwithourestimatesofscaleandtechniqueeffectsyieldsasomewhat

8、surprisingconclusion:iftradeliberalizationraisesGDPperpersonby1%,thenpollutionconcentrationsfallbyabout1%.Inthecaseofsulfurdioxideconcentrations,freetradeisgoodfortheenvironment.Weobtainthisconc