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1、Cuju(蹴鞠)Cujuisanancientballgamewithsimilaritiestoassociationfootball.ItisseenbysomeincludingFIFA（国际足球联盟）tobetheforerunnerofmodernfootballdespitetherebeingnohistoricalconnectionbetweenthesports.ThegameoriginatedinChina,andwasalsoplayedinKorea,JapanandVietna
2、m.蹴鞠kickballHistoryCujuisbelievedtohaveoriginatedinChinabeforetheWarringStatesPeriod(475-221BC).Accordingtohistoricalrecords,CujuwasaverypopulargameinLinzi(intoday‘sShandongProvinceinEastChina),thecapitaloftheQiStateduringtheWarringStatesPeriod（战国）morethan
3、2,300yearsago.IntheWesternHanDynasty(206BC-24AD),cujuwasconsideredbothaformofentertainmentandatypeofmilitarytraining.Allprefecturalgovernorshadstandardcujufieldsfortrainingtroops.HistoricalrecordssaythatduringthewaragainsttheHuns（匈奴）,soldierssetupsportsfie
4、ldsalongthemarchingroutes.Thistraininglastedformanygenerations,andthegamewasalwaysplayedduringtroopinspections.Favoredbyemperors,noblesandscholars,cuju'spopularitygraduallyspreadfromthearmytotheroyalcourtsandupperclasses.DrawingsofancientcujugamesintheWest
5、ernHanDynastyhavebeenfoundonstoneandbrickpaintingsandevenonseals,indicatingthatithadmanyforms,somesimilartopresent-dayfootballmatches,othersresemblingdances.Theworld'sfirstdiehardcujufanwasrecordedbyadoctorinLinziduringtheWesternHanperiod,whosepatientrefus
6、edtomissanycujugamesanddiedsuddenlyfromover-exertionandsweating.CujuflourishedduringtheSongDynasty(960-1279)duetosocialandeconomicdevelopment,extendingitspopularitytoeveryclassinsociety-fromtheemperortoordinarycitizens.Atthattime,professionalcujuplayerswer
7、equitepopular,theearliestfootballclubsorguildswerefounded,booksonthegamewerepublished,andthesportbegantotakeonacommercialedge.ButChinesetraditionalideasencouragedcalm,peace,andtolerance,(“和”“中庸”）soancientsportsinChinaweredifferentfromtheirmoreexcitingandco
8、mpetitiveversionsinthewest.Thegamegraduallydeclinedinpopularityinthemid-QingDynasty(1644-1911).Historicallythereweretwomainstylesofcuju:"ZhuQiu"and"BaiDa".“ZhuQiu”（间接对抗）wascommonlyperformedatcourtfeastscelebr
