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时间:2020-03-04
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1、AP微观经济学知识点梳理I.BasicEconomicConcepts经济学基础概念(8–14%)选择A. Scarcity,choiceandopportunitycost稀缺性(概念),选择(概念),机会成本(计算)a.Scarcity(Unlimitedwantvs.Limitedresources)→Makechoices→Economicsb.Opportunitycost(Thebestchoiceyougiveup)includeexplicitandimplicitcost,theslope公式:Opportunity
2、CostofdoingA=lossinB/gaininAc.Factorsofproductionsareresources.B.Productionpossibilitiescurve生产可能性边界曲线(识图,计算)横纵坐标轴分别是两种产品的产量,斜率是机会成本。a.曲线弯:lawofincreasingopportunitycost(生产鞋和电脑的资源不可相互替代);becausetheresourcesarenotperfectlyadaptable.b.直的:生产两种物品的资源可完全替代,也就是说资源完全可以通用,机会成本恒定
3、。C. Comparativeadvantage,absoluteadvantage,specializationandtrade比较优势(计算),绝对优势(计算),专业化(概念),贸易(概念)a.绝对优势:moreproductive.生产一单位lesstimeorlessinput。(或者单位time或input生产更多)如果给的是时间,则不用换算b.比较优势:loweropportunitycost.xxx/hour别忘了是与本国生产另一产品的opportunitycost相比较c.Specializationandtradec
4、anincreaseproductivityandoutput.Economicgrowthcouldbeachievedby:IncreaseinthequantityofresourcesIncreaseinthequalityofexistingresourcesTechnologicaladvancementsd.Tradecanbegoodtobothcountriesevenifonecountryhastheabsoluteadvantageinallproducts.Twocountriestradeonlywhent
5、heyhavecomparativeadvantageondifferentgood.Aftertrading,countriesgainmoreproductionatlowercost.D. Economicsystems,Propertyrightsandtheroleofincentives计划经济和市场经济(概念),产权(概念),激励的作用(概念)Commandeconomy:公平equitable,governmentdetermines,butsophisticatedtoallocateproperly,lacko
6、fincentivesforinnovation;Free/capitalismeconomy:privateownership,propertyrights,free,incentives,competition,供求决定价格,市场决定生产多少消费多少。如果是mixedeconomy,则market和government共同决定。F. Marginalanalysis 边际思维(概念)MB>MC,做这件事。Marginal=additionalII. TheNatureandFunctionsofProductMarkets产
7、品市场的特点和功能(55–70%)A.Supplyanddemand供给和需求(15–20%)1. Marketequilibrium市场均衡(先Q后P)Equilibriumquantity由Qs和Qd决定:Qs=QdD的变动才会引起P的变动2. Determinantsofsupplyanddemand供给和需求的影响因素影响需求 影响供给TasteTax/SubsidyCostofinputIncomeTechno
8、logyPriceofsubstitutegoodPriceofcomplementgoodTaxExpectationofpricecostofinputstechnologyandproductivitySubsid
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