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1、ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityM.A.ThesisChapterOneIntroductionThephenomenonoffuzzinessorvaguenessexistswidelyinallaspectsofhumanlife.Innaturallanguages,thereareagreatnumberofwordsthathave“blurredboundaries”,i.e.theirconceptualcategoriesarenotclear-cutordefinite.Butpeopleonceneglectedthisvaguen
2、essphenomenoninlanguage.Instead,theyadvocatedprecise,clearusageoflanguage.In1965,ProfessorZadehfromCaliforniaUniversitypublishedhispaper“FuzzySets”,whichmarkedtheappearanceofanewbranchoflinguistics—fuzzylinguisticsorfuzziology.Heanalyzedthelinguistichedges(suchasvery,much,moreorless,essent
3、ially,slightly,andpractically,etc.)fromtheviewpointofsemanticsandlogic.AccordingtoZadeh,afuzzysetis,roughlyspeaking,“aclasswithunsharpboundaries”inwhichthetransitionfrommembershiptonon-membershipisgradualratherthanabrupt.Thatistosay,somemembersarenotsimplyincludedorexcludedinonegroup,butbe
4、longtothisgroupindifferentdegrees.InZadeh’sview,thereexistfuzzyclassesofobjectsintherealphysicalworld,andeven“mostoftheclassesencounteredintherealworldarefuzzy—someonlyslightlyandsomemarkedlyso”.(Zadeh,1965)G.Lakoff(1972)appliesZadeh’sfuzzysettheorytothestudyofmeaning,andhepointsoutthatthe
5、reisacertaindegreeoffuzzinessaroundcomponentialboundaries.Forexample,intermsofcategorizingthebird-likeness,robinisacentralmemberwhilebatisaperipheralone.Moreover,healsointroducessomewordswhichcanmodifythetruthvalueofpropositions,andlaterhedefinesthemashedges—“wordswhosejobistomakethingsfuz
6、zierorlessfuzzy”,suchassortof,somethinglikethat,generallyspeaking,etc.Generally,theterm“hedges”referstotheexactlexicalwordsand“hedging”referstothelinguisticstrategyofusinghedgestoachievecertaincommunicativepurposes.Lakoff’sstudyofhedges,thoughrestrictedinthefieldofsemantics,marksthecoreres
7、earchinfuzzylinguistics,followedbymanyotherrelatedresearcheson1ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityM.A.Thesisthetopicofhedgesandhedgingstrategies.Withthespringingupofpragmaticsanddiscourseanalysis,linguistslikeBrown,Levinson,PrinceandHylandshifttheirhedgingresearchesfro
