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1、标准篇UnitOneDirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.Text1（385words,recommendedreadingtime:4′49″）Asinglestatusmayhavemultiplerolesattachedtoit,constitutingaroleset.Considerthestatusofapatientinahospital.Thestatusinvolvesthesickrole:anotherroleasthepeerofo
2、therpatients;stillanotherroleasthe“appreciative”receiverofthegiftsandattentionoffriendsandfamilymembers;oneroleasaconsumerofnewspapers,magazines,andothersmallitemspurchasedfromahospitalattendant;andaroleasacquaintanceofanumberoffriendlyhospitalpersonnel.Orconsideryourstatusasafamilymember.Yourstatu
3、sincludesavarietyofroles,forexample,parentandchild,uncle,spouse,andcousin.Cleary,aroledoesnotexistinasocialvacuum;itisabundleofactivitiesthatareconnectedwiththeactivitiesofotherpeople.Forthisreason,therecanbenoprofessorswithoutstudents,nohusbandswithoutwives,nowhitewithoutnonwhite,andnolawyerswitho
4、utclients.Rolesaffectusassetsofnormsthatdefineourduties—theactionsotherscanlegitimatelyinsistthatweperform,andourrights—theactionswecanlegitimatelyinsistthatothersperform.Everyrolehasatleastonereciprocalroleattachedtoit;therightsofonerolearethedutiesoftheotherrole.Aswehavenoted,wehaveasocialnichefo
5、rthesick.Sickpeoplehaverights—oursocietysaystheydonothavetofunctioninusualwaysuntiltheygetwell.Butsickpeoplealsohavethedutytogetwelland“notenjoythemselvestomuch”.Thesickrolealsoentailsanappealtoanotherparty—thephysician.Thephysicianmustperceivethepatientastryingtogetwell—thisisthephysician’srightan
6、dthepatient’sduty.Andthepatientmustseethedoctorassincere—thepatient’srightandthephysician’sduty.Itshouldcomeasnosurprisethatthequalityofmedicalcarefalterswhenpatientandphysicianroleexpectationsbreakdown.Onewaythatpeoplearelinkedingroupsisthroughnetworksofreciprocalroles.Rolerelationshipstieustoonea
7、notherbecausetherightsofoneendoftherelationshiparethedutiesoftheother.Peopleexperiencethesestablerelationshipsassocialstructure—ahospital,college,afamily,agang,anarmy,andsoon.1.Accordingtothepassage,apatien
