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1、MACHINABILITYThemachinabilityofamaterialusuallydefinedintermsoffourfactors:1、Surfacefinishandintegrityofthemachinedpart;2、Toollifeobtained;3、Forceandpowerrequirements;4、Chipcontrol.Thus,goodmachinabilitygoodsurfacefinishandintegrity,longtoollife,andlowforceAndpowerrequirements.Asforch
2、ipcontrol,longandthin(stringy)curedchips,ifnotbrokenup,canseverelyinterferewiththecuttingoperationbybecomingentangledinthecuttingzone.Becauseofthecomplexnatureofcuttingoperations,itisdifficulttoestablishrelationshipsthatquantitativelydefinethemachinabilityofamaterial.Inmanufacturingpl
3、ants,toollifeandsurfaceroughnessaregenerallyconsideredtobethemostimportantfactorsinmachinability.Althoughnotusedmuchanymore,approximatemachinabilityratingsareavailableintheexamplebelow.20.9.1MachinabilityOfSteelsBecausesteelsareamongthemostimportantengineeringmaterials(asnotedinChapte
4、r5),theirmachinabilityhasbeenstudiedextensively.Themachinabilityofsteelshasbeenmainlyimprovedbyaddingleadandsulfurtoobtainso-calledfree-machiningsteels.ResulfurizedandRephosphorizedsteels.Sulfurinsteelsformsmanganesesulfideinclusions(second-phaseparticles),whichactasstressraisersinthe
5、primaryshearzone.Asaresult,thechipsproducedbreakupeasilyandaresmall;thisimprovesmachinability.Thesize,shape,distribution,andconcentrationoftheseinclusionssignificantlyinfluencemachinability.Elementssuchastelluriumandselenium,whicharebothchemicallysimilartosulfur,actasinclusionmodifier
6、sinresulfurizedsteels.Phosphorusinsteelshastwomajoreffects.Itstrengthenstheferrite,causingincreasedhardness.Hardersteelsresultinbetterchipformationandsurfacefinish.Notethatsoftsteelscanbedifficulttomachine,withbuilt-upedgeformationandpoorsurfacefinish.Thesecondeffectisthatincreasedhar
7、dnesscausestheformationofshortchipsinsteadofcontinuousstringyones,therebyimprovingmachinability.LeadedSteels.Ahighpercentageofleadinsteelssolidifiesatthetipofmanganesesulfideinclusions.Innon-resulfurizedgradesofsteel,leadtakestheformofdispersedfineparticles.Leadisinsolubleiniron,coppe
8、r,and
