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1、GamesandEconomicBehavior66(2009)785812www.elsevier.com/locate/gebCooperativebehaviorandthefrequencyofsocialinteractionJohnDuffy∗,JackOchsDepartmentofEconomics,UniversityofPittsburgh,Pittsburgh,PA15260,USAReceived30June2006Availableonline9August2008AbstractWereportresu
2、ltsfromanexperimentthatexaminesplayinanindefinitelyrepeated,two-playerPrisonersDilemmagame.EachexperimentalsessioninvolvesNsubjectsandasequenceofindefinitelyrepeatedgames.Themaintreatmentconsistsofwhetheragentsarematchedinfixedpairingsormatchedrandomlyineachindefinitelyre
3、peatedgame.Withintherandommatchingtreatment,weelicitplayersstrategiesandbeliefsorvarytheinformationthatplayershaveabouttheiropponents.ContrarytoatheoreticalpossibilitysuggestedbyKandori[1992.Socialnormsandcommunityenforcement.Rev.Econ.Stud.59,6380],acooperativenormdoe
4、snotemergeinthetreatmentswhereplayersarematchedrandomly.Ontheotherhand,inthefixedpairingstreatment,theevidencesuggeststhatacooperativenormdoesemergeasplayersgainmoreexperience.©2008ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.JELclassification:C72;C73;C78;C92;D83Keywords:Cooperation;M
5、atching;RepeatedPrisonersDilemma;Folktheorem;Communityenforcement;Socialnorms;ExperimentaldesignSometimescooperationemergeswhereitisleastexpected.RobertAxelrod,TheEvolutionofCooperation(1984,p.73).1.IntroductionCooperativebehaviorcanexposeindividualstopossibleexploita
6、tionbyotherswhoarewillingtoactoppor-tunistically.Nevertheless,cooperationcanbesustainedifopportunisticbehaviortriggersapunishmentthatmakescheatingunattractive.Muchcooperativebehaviorissustainedbydecentralized,informalenforcementmechanisms.Thesemechanismsrelyonindividu
7、alshavinganinterestinhowtheircurrentactionsaffectfuturesocialinteractions.AsKandori(1992)notes,therearetwogeneralclassesofinformalmechanisms:Personalenforcement,whereop-portunisticbehaviortodaydestroysthepossiblebenefitsoffuturecooperationbetweentheindividualwhohasbeen
8、cheatedandthecheater;Communityenforcement,whereacheaterissanctionedbyothermembersofthecommunitywhohavenotthemselvesbeenvicti
