academic vocabulary

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1、地理学geography地理学geographer地理学家hemisphere半球meridian子午线/经线parallel平行圈latitude纬线longitude经度elevation海拔altitude高度/海拔temperatelatitudes温带地区horizon地平线equator赤道tropic热带地区Arctic/thenorthpole北极Antarctic(Antarctica)南极（南极洲）theAntarcticcontinent南极洲Antarcticcircle南极圈Aurora极光

2、TropicofCancer北回归线TropicofCapricorn南回归线internationaldateline国际日期变更线timedifference时差expedition探险timezone时区topography地形/地形学plain平原plateau(highland)高地lowland低地basin盆地oasis绿洲peak山峰cavern(cave)洞穴terrain地域subterranean(underground)地底下coastland沿海地区coastline海岸线watershed

3、分水岭upperreaches上游lowerreaches下游tributary支流deposit沉积spring/fountain泉水iceberg冰山riverbed河床gulf/bay海湾waterfall瀑布reef暗礁tide潮水tropicalrainforest热带雨林island岛屿continentalisland大陆岛volcanicisland火山岛coralisland珊瑚岛islet小岛peninsular半岛archipelago群岛delta三角洲landlockedarea内陆cont

4、inent大陆inlandwaterway内陆河subcontinent次大陆range山脉cliff山崖valley山谷，峡谷hillside/mountainslope山坡continentalshelf大陆架canyon峡谷channel(strait)海峡remote-sensing遥感的terrestrial地球的/陆地的terrestrialheat(geothermal)地热terrestrialmagnetism(geomagnetism)地磁continentaldrifttheory大陆漂移学说s

5、ea-floorspreading海床扩展evaporation蒸发salinity含盐度oceanbottom海床sediment沉淀物/沉积物tropical热带的temperate温带的frigid寒带的formation形成frostheaving冻涨现象fieldstone卵石地质学geology地质学geologist地质学家stratum(pl:strata),layer地层stratigraphy地层学crust地壳mantle地幔core地核continentalcrust大陆地壳oceaniccr

6、ust海洋地壳plate板块fault断层faultplane断层面faultzone断层带rift(crack,split)断裂disintegration(decomposition)分解erosion腐蚀fossil化石outercore外核igneousrock火成岩metamorphicrock变质岩volcanic火山岩quartz石英quartzite石英岩sedimentaryrock沉积岩limestone石灰岩granite花岗岩marble大理石lithosphere岩石圈magma/molte

7、nlava岩浆mineral矿物ore矿石deposit矿床platinum白金/铂silver银copper黄铜aluminum铝tin锡lead铅zinc锌nickel镍mercury汞/水银sodium钠gem宝石diamond钻石emerald绿宝石ruby红宝石theNorthernHemisphere北半球glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacialepoch(age,period)冰川期glacialdrift冰渍volcano火山10activevolcano活火山extinctvolcano

8、死火山dormantvolcano休眠火山eruption火山喷发ncrater火山口lava火山岩浆volcanic火山的volcanicdust火山尘volcanicash火山灰earthquake(quake,tremor,seism)地震seismic地震的seismology地震学geonomy地球学magnitude震级seismi