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1、AncientChinaandItsEnemiesIthasbeenanarticleoffaithamonghistoriansofancientChinathatChineseculturerepresentedthehighestlevelofcivilizationinthegreaterAsiaregionfromthefirstmillenniumb.c.throughoutthepre-imperialperiod.ThisSinocentricimage–whichcontraststhehighcultureofShangandChouChinawithth
2、elower,“barbarian”peopleslivingoffthegrasslandsalongthenorthernfrontier–isembeddedinearlyChinesehistoricalrecordsandhasbeenperpetuatedovertheyearsbyChineseandWesternhistorians.InthiscomprehensivehistoryofthenorthernfrontierofChinafrom900to100b.c.,NicolaDiCosmoinvestigatestheoriginsofthissi
3、mplisticimage,andintheprocessshattersit.ThisbookpresentsafarmorecomplexpictureofearlyChinaanditsrelationswiththe“barbarians”totheNorth,documentinghowearlyChineseperceivedandinter-actedwithincreasinglyorganized,advanced,andpoliticallyunified(andthreatening)groupingsofpeoplejustoutsidetheirdo
4、main.DiCosmoexploresthegrowingten-sionsbetweenthesetwoworldsastheybecameprogressivelymorepolarized,withtheeventualcreationofthenomadic,Hsiung-nuempireinthenorthandChineseempireinthesouth.Thisbookispartofanewwaveofrevisionistscholarshipmadepossiblebyrecent,importantarchaeologicalfindingsinCh
5、ina,Mongolia,andCentralAsiathatcannowbecomparedagainstthehistoricalrecord.Itisthefirststudyinvestigatingtheantag-onismbetweenearlyChinaanditsneighborsthatcombinesbothChinesehistoricaltextsandarchaeologicaldata.DiCosmoreconcilesnew,archaeologicalevidence–ofearlynon-Chinesetothenorthandwestof
6、Chinawholivedinstablecommunities,haddevelopedbronzetechnology,andusedwrittenlanguage–withthecommonnotionofundifferentiatedtribeslivingbeyondthepaleofChinesecivilization.Heana-lyzesthepatternsofinteractionalongChina’snorthernfrontiers(fromtrading,oftenonanequalbasis,toEasternHun–Chinesewarf
7、areduringtheCh’indynasty)andthenexploreshowtheserelationswererecorded(andwhy)inearlyChinesehistori-ography.DiCosmoscrutinizesthewayinwhichthegreatChinesehistorian,Ssu-maChi’enportrayedtheHsiung-nuempireinhis“RecordsoftheGrandHistorian”(99b.c.),thefirstwrittenna
