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1、ENCYCLOPEDIAOFchemistrydonrittnerandronaldA.Bailey,Ph.D.ToNancy,Christopher,Kevin,Jackson,Jennifer,andJasonEncyclopediaofChemistryCopyright©2005byDonRittnerAllrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,inclu
2、dingphotocopying,recording,orbyanyinformationstor-ageorretrievalsystems,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Forinformationcontact:FactsOnFile,Inc.132West31stStreetNewYorkNY10001LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataRittner,Don.Encyclopediaofchemistry
3、/DonRittnerandRonaldA.Bailey.p.cm.Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-8160-4894-01.Chemistry—Encyclopedias.I.Bailey,R.A.(RonaldAlbert),1933–II.Title.QD4.R572005540′.3—dc222004011242FactsOnFilebooksareavailableatspecialdiscountswhenpurchasedinbulkquantit
4、iesforbusi-nesses,associations,institutions,orsalespromotions.PleasecallourSpecialSalesDepartmentinNewYorkat(212)967-8800or(800)322-8755.YoucanfindFactsOnFileontheWorldWideWebathttp://www.factsonfile.com.TextdesignbyJoanM.ToroCoverdesignbyCathyRinconIllustrationsby
5、RichardGarrattPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaVBHermitage10987654321Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.CONTENTSAcknowledgmentsvPrefaceviiIntroductionixA-to-ZEntries1FeatureEssays:“ThePowerofChemistry:NaturalversusSyntheticCompounds”byTheresaBeaty,Ph.D.57“WhataCrime
6、LabDoes,ItDoeswithChemistry”byHarryK.Garber81“MolecularModeling”byKarlF.Moschner,Ph.D.183“TheRoleofChemistry”byKarlF.Moschner,Ph.D.248Appendixes:AppendixIBibliography289AppendixIIChemistry-RelatedWebSites311AppendixIIIChemistrySoftwareSources313AppendixIVNobelLaure
7、atesRelatingtoChemistry315AppendixVPeriodicTableofElements321AppendixVIChemicalReactionTypes323AppendixVIIMetalsandAlloys325Index326ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIwouldliketothankthefollowingfortheirgenerosityinhelpingtomakethisbookascompleteaspossible,especiallyintheuseofimages,
8、biogra-phies,definitions,essays,andencouragement:KristinaFallenias,NobelFoundation;FabienneMeyers,InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry;Dar
