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1、BatteryThermalManagementinEVsandHEVs:IssuesandSolutionsAhmadA.PesaranNationalRenewableEnergyLaboratory1617ColeBlvd.Golden,Colorado80401AdvancedAutomotiveBatteryConferenceLasVegas,NevadaFebruary6-8,2001ABSTRACTThermalmanagementofbatteriesinelectricvehicles(EVs)andhybridelectricvehicles(HEV
2、s)isessentialforeffectiveoperationinallclimates.Thishasbeenrecognizedinthedesignofbatterymodulesandpacksforpre-productionprototypeorproductionEVsandHEVs.Designsareevolvingandvariousissuesarebeingaddressed.Therearetrade-offsbetweenperformance,functionality,volume,mass,cost,maintenance,ands
3、afety.Inthispaper,wewillreviewsomeoftheissuesandassociatedsolutionsforbatterythermalmanagementandwhatinformationisneededforproperdesignofbatterymanagementsystems.Wewilldiscusssuchtopicsasactivecoolingversuspassivecooling,liquidcoolingversusaircooling,coolingandheatingversuscoolingonlysyst
4、ems,andrelativeneedsofthermalmanagementforVRLA,NiMH,andLi-Ionbatteries.INTRODUCTIONBatteryperformance,life,andcostdirectlyaffecttheperformance,life,andcostoftheelectricvehicles(EVs)andhybridelectricvehicles(HEVs).Batterytemperatureinfluencestheavailabilityofdischargepower(forstartupandacc
5、eleration),energy,andchargeacceptanceduringenergyrecoveryfromregenerativebraking.Theseaffectvehicledrive-abilityandfueleconomy.Temperaturealsoaffectsthelifeofthebattery.Therefore,ideally,batteriesshouldoperatewithinatemperaturerangethatisoptimumforperformanceandlife.Thedesiredoperatingtem
6、peraturerangeisdifferentfordifferentbatterytypes(withdifferentelectrochemistry).Usually,theoptimumtemperaturerangeforthebatteryoperation(desiredbythebatterymanufacturer)ismuchnarrowerthanthespecifiedoperatingrangeforthevehicle(identifiedbythevehiclemanufacturer).Forexample,thedesiredopera
7、tingtemperatureforaleadacidbatteryis25°Cto45°C,howeverthespecifiedvehicleoperatingrangecouldbe-30°Cto60°C.Inadditiontoconsideringthe(absolute)temperatureofabatterypack,uneventemperaturedistributioninapackshouldbealsoconsidered.Temperaturevariationfrommoduletomodulei
