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1、Thermodynamics&StatisticalMechanics:AnintermediatelevelcourseRichardFitzpatrickAssociateProfessorofPhysicsTheUniversityofTexasatAustin1INTRODUCTION1Introduction1.1IntendedaudienceTheselecturenotesoutlineasinglesemestercourseintendedforupperdivisionundergrad
2、uates.1.2MajorsourcesThetextbookswhichIhaveconsultedmostfrequentlywhilstdevelopingcoursematerialare:Fundamentalsofstatisticalandthermalphysics:F.Reif(McGraw-Hill,NewYorkNY,1965).Introductiontoquantumtheory:D.Park,3rdEdition(McGraw-Hill,NewYorkNY,1992).1.3Wh
3、ystudythermodynamics?Thermodynamicsisessentiallythestudyoftheinternalmotionsofmanybodysystems.Virtuallyallsubstanceswhichweencounterineverydaylifearemanybodysystemsofsomesortorother(e.g.,solids,liquids,gases,andlight).Notsurprisingly,therefore,thermodynamic
4、sisadisciplinewithanexceptionallywiderangeofapplicability.ThermodynamicsiscertainlythemostubiquitoussubfieldofPhysicsoutsidePhysicsDepartments.Engineers,Chemists,andMaterialScien-tistsdonotstudyrelativelyorparticlephysics,butthermodynamicsisanintegral,andver
5、yimportant,partoftheirdegreecourses.ManypeoplearedrawntoPhysicsbecausetheywanttounderstandwhytheworldaroundusislikeitis.Forinstance,whytheskyisblue,whyraindropsarespherical,whywedonotfallthroughthefloor,etc.Itturnsoutthatstatistical21.4Theatomictheoryofmatte
6、r1INTRODUCTIONthermodynamicscanexplainmorethingsabouttheworldaroundusthanalloftheotherphysicaltheoriesstudiedintheundergraduatePhysicscurriculumputtogether.Forinstance,inthiscourseweshallexplainwhyheatflowsfromhottocoldbodies,whytheairbecomesthinnerandcolder
7、athigheraltitudes,whytheSunappearsyellowwhereascolderstarsappearredandhotterstarsappearbluish-white,whyitisimpossibletomeasureatemperaturebelow-273◦centigrade,whythereisamaximumtheoreticalefficiencyofapowergenerationunitwhichcanneverbeexceedednomatterwhatthe
8、design,whyhighmassstarsmustultimatelycollapsetoformblack-holes,andmuchmore!1.4TheatomictheoryofmatterAccordingtothewell-knownatomictheoryofmatter,thefamiliarobjectswhichmakeuptheworldaroundus,suchastab
