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1、InCoffin,C.,Lillis,T.andO'Halloran,K.A.(eds.)(2009)AppliedLinguisticsMethods:AReader,London:Routledge.Reader2Investigatinglanguageinaction:toolsforanalysisJ.R.MartinChapter1:LANGUAGE,REGISTERANDGENREWithoutthinkingEVERYBODYDOESTHINGSWITHOUTTHINKING.Peoplelearntotalk
2、andwalk,drivecars,serveandvolley,playinstruments,andsoon.Andthepointcomeswherewhatwasonceaslowandpainful,oftenerror-proneprocessbecomesautomated.Itisthensimplytakenforgranted-weforgetaboutit.Atleastuntilsomethinggoeswrong.Ifwefallorstutter,haveanaccident,doublefault
3、orplayoutoftune,wemaystopforamomentandthinkaboutwhatweweredoing.Butforthemostpartwecarryon,functioningasmembersofourculture,doingwhatotherpeopleaccept.Towardstheendofthenineteenthcentury,threefamousscholarsbecameveryinterestedintheunconsciousforcesthatshapeourlives.
4、Thesemen,Saussure,DurkheimandFreud,werethefoundersofwhatisnowknownassocialscience.Saussureisthefatheroflinguistics,Durkheimsociology,andFreudpsychiatry.Allwereconcernedwithwhatitisthatmakespeopletick,withouttheirknowingthatitdoesso.Theywereinterested,inotherwords,no
5、tinphysical,materialthings,asinanatomyorastronomy,butinhumanbehaviour-insocialfacts.Takentogether,thesesocialfactsconstituteasystem.Thesesystemsaresetuptoexplainwhy,peopledowhattheydowithoutreallythinkingaboutwhattheyaredoing.Forexample,IamwritingthispaperinEnglish,
6、inEnglishofaparticularkindinfact.Iamnotusingslang;Iamnotusingdoublenegatives(Idon'twrite,thoughmanyspeakersofEnglishmightsayIdon'tusenodoublenegatives),andIamnotwritinginFrenchorTagalog.WhyamIdoingthis?Iamnotdoingitbecauseyoucannotwriteaboutlanguage,registerandgenre
7、inFrenchorTagalog.IamdoingitbecauseIwanttointeractwithyouthereader.IknowthatyouexpectmetouseEnglish-thatisthelanguageweshare.So,byconvention,I1useEnglish.Or,totakeanotherexample,asIsitherewritingIamwearingtrousers.IamdoingsobecauseIamamale,workinginAustralia,andinwi
8、nterthisiswhatAustralianmaleswear.Iamnotnecessarilywearingtrousersbecauseofthecold.Anumberoffemalespassbymywindowfromtimetotime,andmanyoft
