商学新书圣诞礼物折现最好

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1、©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.AllrightsreservedChapterNinePropertiesandApplicationsoftheCompetitiveModel商學新書：聖誕禮物「折現」最好大公報 [2009-12-07]聖誕節在美國，互贈禮物被視為聯絡感情、表達關懷的最好手法，故禮物支出每年高達約650億美元，也是經濟的寒暑表。賓州大學華頓商學院教授JoelWaldfogel在他的著作《吝嗇鬼經濟學：節日不該送禮的理由》(Scroogenomics:Wh

2、yYouShouldn‘tBuyPresentsfortheHolidays)一書中指出，聖誕節送禮是「集體價值毀滅行為」。他表示，在發達國家，送禮慶祝聖誕節，每年讓價值就這樣蒸發掉250億美元，收到禮的人，跟自己買給自己的禮物相比，價值少20%，很多禮物其實不適合收禮人。商學新書：聖誕禮物「折現」最好送禮與親密性成正比送禮人若與收禮的人不常往來，其送禮的價值，比其雙方常接觸來得更低。他續指出，要消弭這種價值浪費，方法之一是乾脆送現金，這樣收禮的人可以自由選擇去買別的東西。不過他承認習俗上送現金

3、給人會令收者不悅。送禮的文化不太可能完全廢除，因此他建議，對於熟的人，要送貼心的禮，若是對不常往來的人，送賀卡是好方式。資料來源﹕http://paper.wenweipo.com/2009/12/07/FI0912070024.htmPropertiesandApplicationsoftheCompetitiveModelInthischapter,weexaminesixmaintopicsZeroProfitforCompetitiveFirmsintheLongRunProducerW

4、elfareHowCompetitionMaximizesWelfarePoliciesThatShiftSupplyCurvesPoliciesThatCreateaWedgeBetweenSupplyandDemandComparingBothTypesofPolicies©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-4ZeroProfitforCompetitiveFirmsintheLongRunCompetitivefirmsearnzer

5、oprofitinthelongrunwhetherornotentryiscompletelyfree.©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-5ZeroLong-RunProfitwithFreeEntryThelong-runsupplycurveishorizontaliffirmsarefreetoenterthemarket,firmshaveidenticalcost,andinputpricesareconstant.Allfi

6、rmsinthemarketareoperatingatminimumlong-runaveragecost.Theyareindifferentbetweenshuttingdownornotbecausetheyareearningzeroprofit.©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-6ZeroLong-RunProfitWhenEntryisLimitedInsomemarkets,firmscannotenterinrespon

7、setolong-runprofitopportunities.Onereasonforthelimitednumberoffirmsisthatthesupplyofaninputislimited.Onemightthinkthatfirmscouldmakepositivelong-runeconomicprofitsinsuchmarkets;however,that’snottrue.Thereasonwhyfirmsearnzeroeconomicprofitsisthatfirms

8、biddingforthescarceinputdriveitspriceupuntilthefirms’profitsarezero.©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-7©2008PearsonAddisonWesley.Allrightsreserved.9-8Figure9.1RentProducerWelfareAsupplier’sgainfromparticipatinginthemarketismeasuredbyitspr