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1、SectionAResearchintoPopulationGeneticsBackgroundinformation:1Columbus:ChristopherColumbus,anItalian-bornmasternavigator(borninGenoa,Italyin1451anddiedatValladolid,Spainin1506)whosailedintheserviceofSpain,iscommonlydescribedasthediscovereroftheNewWorld—America.
2、Hisfourtransatlanticvoyages(1492－1493,1493－1496,1498－1500,and1502－1504)openedthewayforEuropeanexploration,exploitation,andcolonizationoftheAmericas.Columbus'srealgreatnessliesinthefactthathavingfoundtheWestIndies—makingmajorerrorsinhisnavigationalcomputationsa
3、ndlocationindoingso—hewasabletofindhiswaybacktoEuropeandreturntotheIndies.ItisastheresultofColumbus's“discovery”thattheNewWorldbecamepartoftheEuropeanworld.2humangeneticmap:Ourbodiesarecomprisedoftrillionsofmicroscopicunitscalledcells.Cellsinturnarebuiltupfrom
4、manyspecifictypesofmolecules,bothlargeandsmall.Thelargemoleculesormacromoleculesincludepolysaccharides,nucleicacidsandproteins.Proteinsaretheworkhorsesofourcells.Thereareabout40,000differenttypesofproteinsinourbodies.Eachproteinispresentinmany,manycopies.Anadu
5、lt,forexample,carriesabout1021(abilliontrillion)hemoglobinmolecules.TheflowofgeneticinformationisfromDNAtoRNAtoProtein.Eachproteinisalinearpolymerofaspecificsequenceof20differentaminoacids.DNAisalsoalinearpolymercomprisedof4typesofnucleotides.Thesequenceofamin
6、oacidsineachproteinisencodedbyasegmentofDNAcalledagene.Threeconsecutivenucleotidesinageneencodeasingleaminoacidinthecorrespondingprotein.Thegeneticcodeisuniversalamongalllivingthings.NewWords&Expressions:1todateuntilnow至今，直到现在ThisisthebiggestdonationI'vehadtod
7、ate.这是到目前为止我所收到的最大一项捐赠。Todate,researchontheapplicationofthegeneticmapisverylimited.至今，对基因图应用的研究工作还是非常有限的。2nothinglessthan(usedtoemphasizehowimportantorsurprisingsth.is)exactly,just,atleast简直是，同……一点也不差OuraimisnothinglessthantomakeChinathebesttrainedandeducatedn
8、ationintheworld.我们的目标就是要使中国成为世界上受到最好培训和教育的国家。3serveasfulfilthepurposeof起……作用，当成Hisremarksshouldhaveservedasanencouragementtotheauthoritiestodevelopthisimportantaspectofcommunitycar
