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1、TableofContentsPractice11Practice22Practice33Practice44Practice55Practice66Practice77Practice88Practice99Practice1010Practice1111Practice1212Practice1313Practice1414Practice1515Practice1616Practice1717Practice1818Practice1919Practice2020Practice2121Practice2222Practice2323Practice2424Practice25
2、25Practice2626Practice2727Practice2828Practice2929Practice3030AnswerKeys31Practice1Scientiststypicallysubmittheirpaperstotheeditorialboardofajournalspecializinginaparticularfieldofresearch. 1 thepaperisacceptedforpublication,theeditorialboardsendsitoutforpeerreview.Duringthisprocedure
3、apanelofexperts,orreferees, 2 thepaper,judgingwhetherornottheresearchhasbeencarried 3 inafullyscientificmanner.Iftherefereesaresatisfied,publication 4 .Iftheyhave 5 ,someoftheresearchmayhavetoberepeated,butifthey 6 seriousflaws,theentirepapermayb
4、erejectedforpublication.Thepeer-reviewprocessplaysacriticalrolebecauseit 7 highstandardsofscientificmethod. 8 ,itcanbeacontroversialarea,asitallows 9 viewstobecomeinvolved.Becausescientistsarehuman,theycannotavoid 10 personalopinionsaboutthevalueofeachoth
5、er’swork.Furthermore,becausereferees 11 tobeseniorfigures,theymaybelessthanwelcomingtoneworunorthodoxideas.Onceapaperhasbeenacceptedandpublished,itbecomespartofthevastand 12 bodyofscientificknowledge.Intheearlydaysofscience,newresearchwasalwayspublishedinprintedform,buttoday
6、scientificinformationspreadsbymanydifferent 13 .MostmajorjournalsarenowavailableviatheInternet,whichmakesthemquickly 14 toscientistsallovertheworld.Whennewresearchispublished,itoftenactsasaspringboardforfurtherwork.Itsimpactcanthenbe 15 byseeinghow 16 the
7、publishedresearchappearsasacitedwork.Majorscientificbreakthroughsarecitedthousandsoftimesayear,butattheother 17 ,obscurepiecesofresearchmaybecited 18 ornotatall.However,citationisnotalwaysa 19 guideto
