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1、。1.Langue:referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityLangue:thelinguisticcompetenceofthespeaker.2.Designfeature:arefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguages,suchasarbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,culturaltransmission,et
2、c.3.Synchronic:akindofdescriptionwhichtakesafixedinstant(usually,butnotnecessarily,thepresent),asitspointofobservation.Mostgrammarsareofthiskind4.Arbitrariness:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothefacethattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrel
3、ationshiptotheirmeaning.5.Duality:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,whichreferstothepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofarecomposedofelementsofthesecondary.Levelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.6.Displacement:onedesignfeatureofhumanlanguage,which
4、meanshumanlanguageenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresentcintimeandspace,atthemomentofcommunication.7.Competence:languageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrules.8.Prescriptive:thestudyofalanguageiscarriedthroughthecours
5、eofitshistory.Prescriptive:akindoflinguisticstudyinwhichthingsareprescribedhowoughttobe,i.e.layingdownrulesforlanguageuse.9.Phoneme:theabstractelementofsound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinaparticularlanguage.10.Assimilation:thechangeofasoundasaresultofthein
6、fluenceofanadjacentsound,whichismorespecificallycalled.”contact”or”contiguous”assimilation.11.Connotation:aterminacontrastwithdenotation,meaningthepropertiesoftheentityaworddenotes.12.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,meaningthepropertiesofthe
7、entityaworddenotes.Reference:theuseoflanguagetoexpressaproposition,i.e.totalkaboutthingsincontext.。1。13.Sense:theliteralmeaningofawordoranexpression,independentofsituationalcontext.14.Linguisticdeterminism:oneofthetwopointsinSapir-Whorfhypothesis,i.e.langua
8、gedeterminesthought.15.Parole:theactualphenomenaordataoflinguistics(utterances).16.Interlinguage:thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage,
