财政学外部性培训讲学.ppt

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1、财政学外部性TheNatureofExternalitiesPrivately-ownedversuscommonly-ownedresourcesExternalitiescanbeproducedbyconsumersaswellasfirmsExternalitiesarereciprocalinnatureExternalitiescanbepositivePublicgoodscanbeviewedasaspecialkindofexternalityTheNatureofExtern

2、alities-GraphicalAnalysisQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*ActualoutputSociallyefficientoutputabcdfeghWhatPollutantsDoHarm?EmpiricalEvidence:WhatistheEffectofPollutiononHealth?WhatActivitiesProducePollutants?WhatistheValueoftheDamageDone?EmpiricalEviden

3、ce:TheEffectofAirPollutiononHousingValuesBargainingandtheCoaseTheoremQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*cdghTheCoaseTheoremCoaseTheorem–Providedthattransactioncastsarenegligible,anefficientsolutiontoanexternalityproblemisachievedaslongassomeoneisassigned

4、propertyrights,independentofwhoisassignedthoserightsAssumptionsnecessaryforCoaseTheoremtoworkThecoststothepartiesofbargainingarelowTheownersofresourcescanidentifythesourceofdamagestotheirpropertyandlegallypreventdamagesOtherPrivateSolutionsMergersSoc

5、ialconventionsPublicResponsestoExternalities-TaxesQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*cd(MPC+cd)PigouviantaxrevenuesijPublicResponsestoExternalities-SubsidiesQperyear$MB0MDMPCMSC=MPC+MDQ1Q*cd(MPC+cd)ijgkhfePigouviansubsidyPublicResponsestoExternalities-

6、EmissionsFee0PollutionreductionMSBMCe*f*$EmissionsFeesContinued-UniformPollutionReductionsBart’spollutionreductionHomer’spollutionreduction507590507590MCBMCH25f=$50f=$50Bart’sTaxPaymentHomer’sTaxPaymentPublicResponsestoExternalities-Cap-and-

7、TradeBart’spollutionreductionHomer’spollutionreduction507590507590MCBMCH25f=$50f=$5010abCap-and-Tradevs.EmissionsFee0PollutionreductionMSBMC*e*f*$MC’efe’ToomuchpollutionreductionToolittlepollutionreductionCap-and-TradevEmissionsFee0Pollutionred

8、uctionMC*e*f*$MC’efe’MSBToomuchpollutionreductionToolittlepollutionreductionEmissionsFeevCap-and-TradeResponsivenesstoInflationResponsivenesstoCostChangesResponsivenesstoUncertaintyDistributionalEffectsEmissionsfeeCap-and-TradePolicyPerspective:Addre