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1、TheVictorianPeriod英国文学·维多利亚时代ChangesinPoliticsPoliticalpowerpassedfromthedecayingaristocratsintothehandsofthemiddle-classindustrialcapitalists.→Asaresult,fromthe30’sof19thcentury,thestrugglebetweentheworkersandcapitalistsbecamethefundamentalcontradictioninEngland.Anewclass,th
2、eproletariat,emerged.WhileEnglandhadreacheditshighestpointofdevelopmentasaworldpower,thepoorlivingandworkingconditionsofworkersledtotheChartistMovement(宪章运功),whichwasthefirstmassmovementoftheEnglishworkingclassandtheearlysignoftheawakeningofthepoor,oppressedpeople.ChangesinSc
3、ienceandTechnologyScientificdiscoveriesandtechnologicalinventionsmadeEnglandthe“workshopoftheworld”.(railway,steamship,spinninglooms,printingmachine,etc)→WithIndustrialRevolutioninfullswing,Englandaccumulatedlargeamountsofprofitandsettleddowntoatimeofprosperityandrelativestab
4、ility.Themiddle-classlifeofthetimewascharacterizedbyprosperity,respectability(体面),andmaterialprogress.Peopleasawholecelebratedanationalspiritofearnestness(认真),respectability,modestyanddomesticity.→Commonsenseandmoralpropriety(得体)becamethepredominantconcerninliteraryworks.Cha
5、ngesinIdeologyReligiouscollisionThewidespreadofUtilitarianism(功利主义)ReligiouscollisionItstartedfromtheearly19thcenturyandwascausedbytherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsanddiscoveries.Evolutionaryscienceshookthetheoreticalbasisofthetraditionalfaith.(Darwin’sT
6、heOriginofSpecies&TheDescentofMan)People’sreligiousdoubtsandanxietieswereincreased.UtilitarianismThebeliefthateverythingshouldbetestedbytheextenttowhichitcouldpromotethematerialhappiness.Itwaswelcomedespeciallybythemiddle-classindustrialistsandmadeculturalvalues,moralstandard
7、slessvaluable.→theworseningoflivingconditionofpoorpeopleLiteraryFormsNovelThemostwidelyreadandthemostvitalandchallengingexpressionofprogressivethoughtinthisperiodThemostfamousnovelistsofthetimewerethecriticalrealists.(CharlesDickens,WilliamMakepeaceThackeray,CharlotteBrontë,E
8、milyBrontë,Mrs.GaskellandThomasHardy)FeaturesofEnglishCriticalRealis