2021-2022学年湖南省长沙市四校高一（下）期末物理试卷（附答案详解）

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2021.2022
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ᑨḄ᪷!Ḽ#$%&Ḅᓄ(ᜧ*+,ᓄ-./⍝1!2ᓄ345Bᑖ89(:;஺=⚪?⌕ὃBCDEឤᐵHIJKḄL(ᑖ᪆NKᔜ(Ḅᓄ/⍝ᑖ89PᱥRS(ᑖ89PᱥRḄTUᓽW஺9.ூ\ᫀ௃ABDூ_᪆௃_3`abcd*ᳫfgḄ::a=gDsind,fl9:3t=qgsine=-i-0,ᵫqaᳫᩚḄst஺u*ᑣa#$9uwᦑAJKsin6yQ8ஹ#$PᳫDEឤDḄᓄᙳ:0,ᦑ3JKCஹPᳫ⊝9ᵫL(ᑖ᪆W/3mgtan30°-mgtan60°,PᳫUᦑab(DᓄTUᦑC┯஺ஹPᳫᑮᙢ☢᳛"TU(Ḅᙳ᳛:3="ᐭ⊈஺¡aஹbPᳫ(Ḅᙳ᳛2£:V5ᦑ஺JK஺ᦑ⌱3ABD.᪷%§¨©ªᔠ¬fgḄ9஺᪷⊝ᩩ
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13=⚪ὃB$Dᳮ±ᐳ³(Ḅ⊝ᩩ
ᐵHI´ᳫ☟¶9·¸¹PᳫḄº(ITUḄ».W¼£uὅ(Ḅᜧ*ᐵ¾஺10.ூ\ᫀ௃ACூ_᪆௃_3aஹ¿⍝nḄÀwÁᜧq¿⍝/ḄÀÃ᪷ÄÅÆÇ=ÈW/ÉÊËÌÍÎᙠ¿⍝nÐ#ÑḄᕜÓᜧqᙠ¿⍝IÐ#ÑḄᕜÓᦑAJKBஹ᪷ÄÅÆW/ÉÊËÌÍÎᙠ¿⍝UÐ#Ñ9ᙠP³ḄᜧqᙠQ³Ḅªᔠp=Ô"W/ÉÊËÌÍÎᙠP³Ḅ$ᜧqᙠQ³Ḅ$ᦑ8┯CஹÉÊËÌÍÎᵫ¿⍝/¿ᑮ¿⍝II98Õ#$◤⌕ᙠPᜐ³Ø8Õ#$ᦑCJK஺ஹ᪷¡3G^=ma,W¡a=ḆW/ÉÊËÌÍÎᙠ¿⍝/ÐÚP³9ḄᔣÕqᙠ¿⍝஻ÐÚP³9ḄᔣÕᦑ஺┯஺ᦑ⌱3AC.᪷ÄÅÆÇÝ=Ðᑖ᪆ᕜÓᜧ*ÉÊËÌÍÎᙠ¿⍝ÞÐ#Ñ9ßᙢ³ᜧqàᙢ³ÉÊËÌÍÎᵫ¿⍝I¿ᑮ¿⍝II9◤⌕ᙠPᜐ³Ø᪷ᑖ᪆ᐵ¾஺=⚪ὃB`⌼ÍÎḄTᐵ/âNKãᨵå(±ÄÅÆÇḄæᵨᐵHIèéêÍÎᙠUḄ¿⍝Ð#$9ᜧ*ஹ#ÑḄᕜÓ¿⍝ÀÃḄᐵ¾஺11.ூ\ᫀ௃BCூ_᪆௃_34ᵯ$ì᳛ឤ:í᳛P,⊝î#$ᵫ=F஺vïᜧW/⊝îLᑮḄᱫå(ñ*ᦑA┯8(7.ᵫ=/1uïᜧW/⊝îLᑮḄᱫå(ñ*᪷/ñ*ò⊝îḄᑮᨬᜧ9ᱫå(5ô(ᜧ*T:;ᵫP=Fu=fv,mpᑣ⊝îᑮḄᨬᜧ:õ=,ᦑ8cJKDᵫ$Dᳮ¡Pt-a=-gmö_¡⊝î÷»Ḅø:x=7T”*NḄù/ᦑ⊝î÷»ḄøWᦑ஺┯஺2úᦑ⌱:BC஺⊝îᙠ᳛ûḄüýfᑮᨬᜧ9ᱫå(ô(þÿ
ᵫ᳛ḄP=F",ᓽḄᨬᜧᵫP=F"ᑖ᪆ᱫḄᓄᵫ14⚓ᐳ21⚓

14
ᑡ%&Ḅᓄ஺(⚪ὃ+,-./01⚪ᐵ3⌕567⊝.Ḅ9:;6ᐸ=0>?@AᨬᜧḄBCᩩE=ᵨ
ஹ=0HI᳛P=F”JᔠLM஺12.ூMᫀ௃BCூL᪆௃LR4ST>?U4ஹBVᳫᙠY☢[\0&]^ᑣᱥaᙠY☢[S\bᩚdefgheijᦑA┯m8.ᙠS\Ḅ᦮o>?UpᨵrstuvtuḄ-wxyឤᦑ8{6C.᪷}tu-wxyឤ~(h+Lsin37°)+mgh=1(m+m)v2BAeᐭᦪ}L~஺=2m/s,ᦑC{6DtuS\Ḅ᦮o>?UBᳫ-wxḄ&4E=|mv2-mgh,ᐭᦪ}L~:eBAE=2J,ᦑ஺┯m஺ᦑ⌱:BC஺S\Ḅ᦮o>?UᳫᡂḄtu-wxyឤABᳫ&]^᪷}tu-wxyឤᳫᙠᐝ\7☢[=0ḄᜧV~ᑮBᳫ-wxḄᓄ஺(⚪bᩚḄtu-wxyឤ1⚪ᙠS\Ḅ᦮o>?Usᓫoᱥa-wxeyឤstu-wxyឤ.⌕oᳫᙠY☢=0ᩚᨵᵨoᳫḄ-wxyឤḄ.13.ூMᫀ௃AC1.61.52155ூL᪆௃LR(1)4ஹ,VᳫḄ7◤⁚¢Y£Ḅ¤¥ᢝ7ᦑA{6.Bஹ,Vᳫ§¨7©=0ḄᜧV]ª«¢Vᳫ§¨¬Y£Ḅ^®¯ᵫ☟±²³Y£e◤⌕ᐝ\ᦑ8┯mC{6E┯m.஺ஹ´µVᳫ®¯ᵨḄ¶·e◤⌕§¨¸¹ᙢª»¼S½ᦑ஺┯m.ᦑ⌱RAC.(2)᪷}y=Rgt2~7©=0Ḅ¾1=¿=/Ás=0.2s,ᑣVᳫ7©=0Ḅ%=R=Ám/s=1.6m/s.(3)ᙠÃÄÅᔣ[᪷}Ç/=2É=972~7=<=J^s=0.1s,Vᳫ7©=03Ḅ%=y=Ázn/s=1.5m/s.

15BÊḄÃÄᑖ%B=Ë=8o°2°5m^s=2m/s.¬©ÊᑮBÊḄ¾t=ª=ஹ=02sᑣ©ÊᑮBÊḄ7®Ìᱥ=vt=1.5x0.2TH=0.3m=30cm,o©ÊᑮBÊḄÃÄ®Ì'B=^gt2=x10x0.04m=0.2m=20cm,ᡠΩÊ»¼4ÊḄ7»¼Î=x-3L=30cm-15cm=15cm,©Êᑮ4ÊḄBÃÄ»¼Î=y-3L=20cm-15cm=5cm.BᦑMᫀR(1)4C,(2)1.6,(3)1.5,2,15,5.(1)᪷}ÏÐḄÑᳮÎÓÔUḄÕ⚗6{6ḄÔ×Ø.(2)᪷}ÃÄ®ÌJᔠ®Ì¾7©=0Ḅ¾᪷}7®ÌI¾Vᳫv7©=0Ḅ.(3)᪷}ÃÄÅᔣ[Ù]ª¾ᑁḄ®ÌÛÜឤ]ªḄ¾¾◞Jᔠ7®ÌI¾¾◞ḄᜧV᪷}Þß¾ᑁḄ7ᙳªU¾áḄBÊḄÃÄᑖ.᪷}¾©ÊᑮBÊḄ¾¬â~©ÊᑮBÊḄ7»¼IÃÄ»¼©Ê»4ÊḄÃÄ®ÌI7®Ì.Lã(⚪Ḅᐵ3%⍝7©=0ᙠ7ÅᔣIÃÄÅᔣ[Ḅ=0åJᔠ=0HIæçᮣéLêeᜧ.14.ூMᫀ௃BABmgx^1v2=0.01+4.71VëA2ூL᪆௃LR(1)ᡭÊíᘤ◤⌕ïðᵯòᦑ⌱8(2)7⊝᥅ôIᐸõö÷>øùᩈûü¥᪀ᡂY☢¢rþY☢ᔣSḄᑖÿ
⊝ᦑ⌱A;(3)⊝᥅◤⌕ᡭᘤᡭᘤ▲ᨵ᥅!"ᡭ#Ḅ%ᑨ'()Ḅ*+,ᔲ.ᒴ012*+ᦑ⌱B3(4)()4+5+Ḅ6789:ᱥ<=Ḅ67>()ᡠ@AB89:ᱥ:CDAE()FḄGHI=69K()FᒴL012*+CDᡭB()Ḅ0M.ᡭ4CNḄᙳ0MᑣᨵH᝞=R(5)ᵫTUT2VHW=”=.஺[\=47AIV10]^6.Hb=0.01ᑣ"2_ILᓄḄ⊤bc.Hᓲ=0.01+4.7”,G,efgᓄḄfMᡠGheḄᓫ,jkḄl᳛n.ᓃᑣHp16⚓ᐳ21⚓

16k=twuᐭᓫwkḄᓫ.xᡠyzl᳛ᨵᐵḄᱥᳮf.}f3(6)~:ᱥ}f(9()}fM,ᑣE()ḄA▭89:ᱥḄ:,ᵫmg=(M+m)ah=MaHF=ᵫ+eᳮHFx=|MV2V2==^-x2MM+mHW=mgxᑣ▭"-IT2Ḅl᳛H=t:ᱥ}f(y()}fML0MᯠᜧM+ml᳛Lᦑ⌱A஺ᦑᫀ.H(1)83(2)43(3)B3(4)mgx2,(5>2=0.01+4.71V,}f3(6)4஺᪷ᡭᘤᳮ¡¢£¤ᑨ'(1)(2)(3)3᪷FG¥ᙳ0M89¦§¨0M©Wஹv3«¬⊤bcVl᳛ᱥᳮf¥T®¯᝱஺ᐙᑖὃ´µ¡¶+eᳮ¡Ḅ·¸ᘤᩞᳮ¢£¤◤⌕º»(5)⊤bcᐕ½ᨵt¿ḄÀÁ஺15.ூᫀ௃ÄH(1)*+ᕒFÆ*+ᙠÈ1ÉᔣFËᵫ=Ì*+È1ÉᔣḄ5Hy=ABsÍ30஺=1g/uᐭᦪÄ*+ᕒᙠϦḄÐÑHt=2s(2)*+ᕒᙠÒÉᔣFᒴ012*+Ò5Hx=ABcos30°=vtouᐭᦪÄ*+ᕒᙠ4ᜐḄ0Mᜧ(Hv=10V3m/s0(3)*+ᕒÔ4ᑮ8!Öᵫ+eᳮHmgy=E-^mv^kuᐭᦪÄ*+ᕒᙠBᜐḼ▮Ḅ+eHE=245007kூÄ᪆௃(1)*+ᕒFÆ*+᪷È1ÉᔣḄ5©#*+஺(2)*+ᕒFÆ*+ᙠÒÉᔣFᒴ012*+᪷Ò5y*+©#Ú0Mᜧ(஺(3)Ûᵨ+eᳮ©#*+ᕒḼ▮Ḅ+e஺*+ᕒFÆ*+Ûᵨ*+ḄᔠᡂyᑖÄஹ*+ßàcy+eᳮᓽÄ⚪3Ä⚪᪷ãäVå©#*+ᕒḄÒyÈ15ᜧ(஺

1716.ூᫀ௃ÄH(1)ᵫTæVçh=0.5mᱥᙽᑮb4Ḅ0M.=d!Um/s,nᙠ4éᙽ@ᑮêᢝ.F,ᑣᨵHF-mg=m^uᐭᦪF=45N,ᵫìípîïéᙽEð⍝Ḅòᜧ(.45N,ÉᔣÈ1ᔣ<3(2)néᙽᙠBḄÚ0M.6ÔBᑮC*+."ᵫÆóïHÈ1ÉᔣHH=3g=,ÒÉᔣHôõuᐭᦪHv=3Hm/s3B(3)néᙽᙠ40M.%0MᑮBḄ0M÷ø..=3V3m/s.DÚùôM.úᙠû〈"ᵫìípýïHfimg-ma,ÔAᑮB,᪷0Mt5ᐵþHÿ-
=2aL,v=3m/s,0ᵫVQ=20h,0☟Ḅh=0.45m0ᱥᙽh=R=0.8?nᜐ᧕ᑮ4Ḅ%=4mls☢1?ᱥᙽᑮBM,ᑣᨵ1/2Bᡝ=2aL,Dtan30°=Evn£=FGH5஺15ூ᪆௃(1)ᵫNO=().5n3ᱥᙽᑮ4Ḅᙠ4᪷STUVWXYZlᔠᔣ]^Ḅ_`abcde(2)ᵫ/7fYe4ᙽB)*Ḅᜧh(3)ᑖ᪆4ᙽḄ89jkN4ᙽ,ᙠ./ᙢ☢1ᙠ56893:!m(4ᙽ,ᙠ>☢1᪷S/789ḄfYZᔠ89nabe893:஺opTUVWXYḄqᔠrᵨt⚪ᐵwxyz{ᱥ|Ḅ89jk}~^ᑭᵨTUVWXYᡈ89nḄ_`abe᪷S⚪⌕ecd⍝xV18⚓ᐳ21⚓

18ὶ^}89Ḅ᫑᫡஺17.ூᫀ௃(1)fXᔣᔣ4ᙽhᡂḄ9ឤᵫ9ឤXYᨵmv=(M+m)v014ᙽho☟34ᙽḄᜧh%=4m/so4ᙽᵫ9Xᳮ-“mg/=4ᙽḄ%=4mohᵫ9Xᳮ¡ng%2=-0hḄ᜜=1.6mx—x=4m—1.6m=2.4m0.8m(1)4ᙽho☟34ᙽḄᜧhx4m/sᜧhx4h஺(2)⌕¹4ᙽᙠºᙊ»⍝1893!ῃ½»⍝ºᙊ»⍝Ḅº¾RḄ¿ÀR<0.16mᡈR>0.8m஺ூ᪆௃(1)4ᙽhᡂḄ9ឤrᵨ9ឤXYឤXY¸e*4ᙽoph4dḄÁ½ᑖ᪆h4ᙽḄ89Â᝱Äcdᑖ᪆஺(2)4ᙽᐜᙠh1#89ᯠ+41ºᙊ»⍝4ᙽា¬ᑮºᙊ»⍝ᨬ3Ç^ÈÉᔣ]^rᵨTUVWXY9Xᳮᑖ᪆⚪஺

19Ê⚪xB⍝^nqᔠ⚪ὃÌÍ9ឤXY9XᳮஹTUVWXYḄrᵨᑖ᪆z{4ᙽḄ89jkx⚪§Èᐵwrᵨ9Xᳮஹ9ឤXYTUVWXYᓽ⚪஺18.ூᫀ௃(1)?4ᙽᔣÑ89Ḅᵫ,᪷STUVWXYmgsvnd—p,mgcos6=ᵫᒴm89fYᨵÓ=2a1XoὶÔ%=2m/s(2)4ᙽVBÖᢱؤÙ+ᜧpÚ〈Ü4ᙽ#14?¤+89Ḅᜧh஺2,᪷STUVWXYmgsinO+nmgcosd=ma2#³ÝÜÞ389ḄÁ½xiᑣBÓ=2(-஺2)%1á+4ᙽâã#14³äᜧhḄåIJO-/=2(-%)᜜½êᢱØḄᨬᜧÁ½Xm=%+%2ὶÔXm=0.4m(3)4ᙽᢱؤÙ+ᙠឤ^ñᵨÑḄᜧh?஺3,᪷STUVWXYᨵmgsind+(imgcosG-F=ma3?òjkᔣ189ḄÁ½%3,893:ᑣ஺2-Ó=2(-a)x,v-v=(B஺3)4331%3=0.25m,0oôḼ4ᙽᔣ1ᒴ89ᨬ+ö÷ø^¸ᔣ1##ḄÁ½rh?ᒴ89Ḅ3:ù2ᑣú2=ûüឤ^ᢝãñᵨḄᨬþ3:t=tl+t2ὶt=|s«1.67s(1)ᙽᢱPḄ"#ᜧ%&'2m/s*(2)ᙽᢱP+,-ᢱḄᨬᜧ/,Xm'04m*(3)⌕5ᙽ678〈:ᨬ;<=ឤ?ᢝABᵨḄᨬDEt'1.67s஺ூ᪆௃(1)ᙽJKL=᪷NOPQRSTUᙽJḄV"#=᪷NWXYZ[\ᙽᢱPḄ"#ᜧ%];(2)+=ᙽḄ"#ᜧ_8〈:Ḅ"#=᪷NOPQRS\;ḄV"#=ᑭᵨWXYZ[\ᨬᜧ/,Xm(3)ᙽᢱ+=᪷NOPQRS\ᙠឤ?BᵨJḄV"#ᜧ%=ᵫWXY20⚓=ᐳ21⚓

20Z[\eᙽf"7g:"#hiWXḄ/,jkᡠᵨE஺mḼᙽᔣ;ᒴ"WX=ᨬ+qrs?tjuᔣ;f"=ᵫWXYZ[TUᨬDEt஺v⚪xyzKL{⚪=|}~ᩖ=ᐵᳮᱥᙽᙠ8〈:;᦮yKLḄWXS=᥅?Ḅᔣ=ᔠOPQRSWXYZ[\஺