毕业论文外文翻译-铸造、锻造和焊接

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1、毕业设计(论文)参考文献译文Casting、ForgingandWelding1.CastingMetalcastingisoneoftheoldestofallindustries,bothancientandmedievalhistoryofferingexamplesofthemanufactureanduseofcasting.Fromsimpleaxeheadspouredfromcopperinopenmouldssome5000yearsage,castinginthepre-Christianwo

2、rlddevelopedtoapointatwhichelaboratebronzestatuarycouldbeproducedintwo-pieceandcoredmoulds.Bytheendofthemedievalperiod,decoratedbronzeandpewtercastinghadbeguntobeusedinEuropeanchurchanddomesticlife.Thewidespreadadoptionofcastironasengineeringmaterialawaitedth

3、esuccessofAbrahamDarbyin1790insmeltinginthecokeblastfurnace;thispavedthewayforthemassiveuseofcastironinconstructionduringtheyearsfollowingtheindustrialrevolution.Manyfoundriessprangupaftertheindustrialrevolution,thevastmajoritybeingforthemanufactureofthecasti

4、ronthenbeingusedasastructuralmaterial.Thequantityproductionofironcastingsinthenineteenthcenturywasnotmatchedbyauniversaladvanceinqualityandtheengineeringuseoftheproductsencounteredmoreseriousrisksinanon-ductilematerial.Despitetheskillofthemolderinproducingcom

5、plexforms,therewaslittlechangeinthemetallurgicalandengineeringsituationuntilthemodernerabroughtabetterunderstandingofthefactorsdeterminingquality.Withmoderntechniquesofprocesscontroltherudimentaryjudgmentoftheoperatorcouldgivewaytoobjectivemeasurementsofmetal

6、temperature,moldingmaterialpropertiesandotherproductionvariables.Theseimprovementshavebeenappliednotonlytocastironbuttoawiderangeofcastalloys.Therearefourbasiccastingmethods:sand-casting,die-casting,investment-casting,andcentrifugalcasting.Sand-castingisthemo

7、stwidelyusedmethodemployedinfoundry.Inthisprocess,sandmouldsarecontainedinmetalmoldingboxesthathavefoursidesbutnotoporbottom.Duringthemoldingoperationtheboxesarelocatedtogetherbypinssothattheycanbeseparatedtoremovethepattern,andreplacedinthecorrectpositionbef

8、orethemetalispouredin.Theboxesareclampedtogether,orthecope(topsection)weighteddownwhenpouringtopreventthecopefrom“floatingaway”fromthedrag(lowersection)whenthe毕业设计(论文)参考文献译文mouldisfullofm