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.摘要本文首先阐述了跨文化交际的定义、起源和发展，随后探讨了文化意识和文化差异，对中西方文化在旅游方面的差异进行了对比，并指出将翻译技巧与跨文化意识相结合应是译者的一种基本技能。接着，作者通过案例分析，阐述了如何将跨文化理论应用于旅游英语的翻译实践中。最后，作者对旅游英语翻译的重要性以及在翻译中应该采取的策略进行了总结。关键词：跨文化交际；差异；旅游英语；翻译.页脚... .ABSTRACTThispaperfirstlybrieflydealswiththedefinitionofinterculturalcommunication,thebeginningandthedevelopmentofinterculturalcommunication.Thenitanalyzesculturalawarenessandtheculturaldifference,thedifferencebetweentheeastandwest,andputsforwardtheideathattranslationofEnglishforTourismshouldbedoneinaninterculturalperspective,anditshouldbedoneskillfullywhentranslating.Onthebasisoftheabovestudy,thepracticalexampleofthetranslationoftouristmaterialscomesout.Itisemphasizedthatinterculturalawarenessshouldrunthroughthewholeprocessoftranslatingtouristmaterials.Intheconclusion,theauthorrestatestheimportanceoftranslatingtourismEnglishandsumsupsomestrategiesadoptedintranslation.Keywords：Interculturalcommunication;difference;tourismEnglish;translation.页脚... .Contents1．Introduction12.InterculturalCommunication32.1Definition32.2Origin42.3DevelopmentofInterculturalCommunication’sApplicationinTourismTranslation43.InterculturalCommunicationDifferenceinTourismTranslation73.1DifferenceinVocabulary73.2DifferenceinSyntaxStructure83.3DifferenceinCulture93.3.1DifferenceinPsychology93.3.2DifferenceinConventions103.3.3DifferenceinHistoricalCulture113.3.4DifferenceinThinkingModes113.3.5DifferenceinAestheticTaste124.InterculturalCommunicationAwarenessinTourismTranslation134.1TranslationfromInterculturalPerspective134.2CaseStudies145．Conclusion16Acknowledgements16References16.页脚... .1．IntroductionNowadays,tourismhasbecomeoneofthemostimportantandgrowingindustriesintherapidlychangingworld.TheauthoritativeWorldTravelandTourismCouncildeclaredthattourismisoneoftheworld’slargestindustries.Thethemeofthe27thTourismDayis“TourismEnriches”,whichemphasizestheactiverolethetourismplaysinboostingtheworldeconomy,culturalcommunicationandsocialdevelopment.Thedevelopmentoftravelindustryhas,inturn,exertedatremendousinfluenceontheeconomiesandculturesoftheworld.Tourismcreatestheneedtocommunicatewithpeopleofvariousculturalbackgrounds.Thecontactsbetweenforeignvisitorsandusareaninterculturalcommunication.Giventhefrequentculturalexchangesintourismindustry,afurtherstudyintotranslationofEnglishfortourisminaninterculturalperspectiveisamust.Thatmeanstranslatorshavetoadoptinterculturalawarenesswhenrenderingsourcelanguageintotargetlanguagesothattheversionintargetlanguageismoreculturallyacceptable,especiallywhenrenderingChinesepublicitymaterialsintoEnglish.Asfortourismservice,translationinaninterculturalperspectiveaimsatexploringefficientwaystorelatetoorcommunicatewithforeignvisitorswhospeakadifferentlanguageandliveinadifferentculture.Translationplaysaveryimportantroleintourismservice.Tobemoreaccurate,translationcanbeconstruedasinterculturaltranslationaswellasinter-languagetranslation.Thepurposeoftranslationistoprovideforeignreadersusefulinformation,includingculture-loadedinformation.Interculturalcommunication(cross-culturalcommunication)iscommunicativeactivitiesdonebypeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Therefore,translationdonewithinaninterculturalcommunicationisofgreatpracticalsignificance.Concerningtourismtranslation,Sincethe1980smajortourismtranslationresearchcanberoughlyclassifiedintothreecategories:culture,landscapedescriptionsandbothcultureandlandscapedescriptions.TheresearchersapproachingtourismtranslationfromtheperspectiveofcultureincludeChen.页脚... .Gang,HuWenzhong,PuYuanming,LiuHuimei,YangShoukang,YangMinandJiAimei.JinHailinarguesthatagoodpieceoftourismtranslationshouldreproducethebeautyoffeeling,styleanddynamicstate.LikeJiaWenbo,GaoJinlingmadehisstudiesfromtheperspectiveoflandscapedescriptions.Atbroad,Newmarkwhohasdoneagoodresearchontranslationleavesusgreatheritages.AndLefevereAndredidsomeresearchesontranslation,historyandculture.Tourismtranslation,asatheme,coversavarietyofaspects.However,thispaperwillputemphasisonC-Etranslation,andoffersomesuggestionsfromtheperspectiveofinter-culturalcommunicationonthebasisofcasestudies..页脚... .2.InterculturalCommunicationSincetourismtranslationhastobedoneinaninterculturalcommunicationperspective,interculturalcommunicationfactorsaretheprimaryelementstobeconsidered.Translationisregardedasachannelofinterculturalcommunicationsothetourismtranslationistightlyrelatedtointerculturalcommunicationstudies.Beforediscussingthetourismtranslation,ananalysiswillbeconductedofoneofthemostimportantfactorsthatinfluencetranslation.Sincetranslationisanactivitywhichdealswithnotonlytwodifferentlanguages,butalsoallotherfactorsthatarerelatedtotheselanguages,thereforeaqualifiedtranslatorshouldnotonlybecompetentintwoinvolvedlanguagesbutalsobefamiliarwiththeinvolvedcultures,whichcanbeexpressedbyNida’swords“fortrulysuccessfultranslating,biculturalismisevenmoreimportantthanbilingualism,sincewordsonlyhavemeaningintermsoftheculturesinwhichtheyfunction”[1]1102.1DefinitionSamovarsaidinCommunicationbetweenCulturesthat:communicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.[2]48Interculturalcommunication,alsoknownascross-culturalcommunication,iscommunicationbetweenpeoplewithdifferentculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystems.Itcentersonsignificantdifferencesregardingsocialrelationsandconceptofuniversefromdifferentperspectivessuchaslanguage,food,dress,attitudetowardtime,workhabits,socialbehaviourthatcancausefrustrationincommunicationsandcontacts.Asnewly-establisheddiscipline,interculturalcommunicationmakesmulti-disciplinarystudyofpolitenessacrossculturalingreatdetails.Ithelpspeopletobridgethegapbetweenbothculturalandlinguisticdifferences.[3]95Astheworldisbecominga“globalvillage”,itssignificanceinintercultural.页脚... .communicationinvariousaspectsandlanguagelearningisbecomingmoreandmoreself-evident.[3]972.2OriginAsanobject,interculturalcommunicationoriginatedfromAmerica,basedonEdwardHall’sresearch.Interculturalcommunicationaimsatthelanguageandculture.InterculturalcommunicationoccurswhenevertwoormorepeoplefromdifferentculturesorMicro-culturescometogetherandexchangeverbalandnonverbalsymbols.Theworldischanging,andthetimesarechanging.AllthechangeshavetransformedtheearthintotheglobalvillageforecastbyMarshallMcLuhan.Withtheimprovementsintransportationtechnology,developmentsincommunicationtechnology,economicglobalization,andchangesinimmigrationpatternsofcommunicationandinteraction,interculturalcommunicationbecomesmoreandmoreimportantintoday’ssociety.Then,interculturalcommunicationbeginstodevelopinalltheothercountries,andvariouskindsofresearcheshavebeenfound.2.3DevelopmentofInterculturalCommunication’sApplicationinTourismTranslationThehistoryofinterculturalcommunicationstudiesinChinaisarelativelyshortonecomparedwithwesternworld,whichbeganintheearlyeightiesof20thcentury.BeforethatperiodChinawasengulfedintheCulturalRevolutionwhichcutoffanycontactwiththewesternworld.ThefirstfewyearsoftheeightieswitnessedtheinitialopeningofChinatothewesternworldwhendevelopmentsinsociolinguistics,pragmatics,interculturalcommunicationandlanguageteachingmethodologywereintroducedtoChineseacademicsthroughsomeuniversityscholarexchangeprograms.Later,theteachingandresearchofinterculturalcommunicationstartedinChineseUniversities.Despiteitsshorthistory,therehasbeenwidespreadinterestinit.Severalhundredarticlesappearedinacademicjournalsinthepasttwodecadesandmorethanadozen.页脚... .bookshavebeenpublished.Anationalinterculturalcommunicationassociationhasbeenfoundedandseveralinternationalconferencesheld.ProfessorHuWenzhongdividesitsshorthistoryintothefollowingtreeperiods:1)1978-1987istheperiodmarkedbyaheavyemphasisonforeignlanguageteachinginhisfirstarticlewrittenonthesubjectofculturerelatedtotheteachingofEnglishvocabularyandtranslation.HepointsoutinhisarticlethatsomeChineseandEnglishwordsmayseemtobeequivalentwhiletheyinfactcarrydifferentcultureloads.Otherarticlesdiscusscultureinconnectionwiththecommunicativeapproachinlanguageteaching.Manypointoutthattheteachingoflanguagealonedoesnotenablethelearnertocommunicateeffectivelyandthatknowledgeofthecultureofthetargetlanguageisessentialforalllearners.2)Duringtheperiod1988-1994,interculturalcommunicationcoursehadbeenofferedgraduallyintheEnglishDepartmentsofBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,ShanghaiInternationalStudiesUniversity,HarbinInstituteofTechnologyandsomeotheruniversities.SamovarandPorter’santhologyInterculturalCommunication:aReaderwaspublishedinChinesetranslationin1988.Inthesameyear,ShanghaiTranslationPublishingHousepublishedacollectionofpaperunderthetitleofInterculturalCommunication:WhatItMeantoChineseLearnersofEnglish.ThearticleiswrittenbybothChineseandEnglishproverbstononverbalcommunication.LanguageandCulturewrittenbyFrankTangandLiuRunqingpublishedin1989dealswithmanyaspectsofculturaldifferencesintheuseoflanguage—fromeuphemisms,taboosandconversationtopicstothestyleofwriting.[4]253)In1995the5thInternationalConferenceonCross-culturalCommunication:EastandWest,sponsoredbyHarbinInstituteofTechnologyofChinaandTrinityCollegeoftheUnitedStates,washeldwithatotalof230Chineseand40overseasattending.Topicsofthepresentedpapersincludeamongothers:“TheChangingPatternsofChineseInterpersonalCommunication”“CulturalInputinSecondLanguageTeaching”“ACross-culturalStudyofPolitenessbetweenChinaandtheU.S.A.”Duringtheconference,theChinaAssociationforInterculturalCommunicationwasestablished.InAugustof1996,BeijingUniversityandKentStateUniversity.页脚... .jointlysponsoredanotherconferencewhosethemeis“CommunicationandCulture—ChinaandtheWorldEnteringthe21stCentury”.[5]177Nowadays,moreandmorepeopletrytoapplythestudyofinterculturalcommunicationtoinvestigatingsomespecificaspectsofothersubjects,includingtranslationstudies.Therearenumerousarticlesofthiskindtoshowthecharmofthisverysubject.Forexample,thereareresearcheslike“InterculturalCommunicationandInternationalAdvertisingTranslation”,“InterculturalCommunicationandIdiomTranslation”,“InterculturalCommunicationandAnimalWordsConnotativeMeaningDifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese”,“InterculturalCommunicationandNewsTextTranslation”,etc..页脚... .3.InterculturalCommunicationDifferenceinTourismTranslationAspeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundsenhancetheirexchangesinrecentdays,communicationandculturebecomegraduallyinterrelatedtoeachother.Toliveinsocietiesandtomaintaintheirdistinctiveculturespeoplehavetocommunicate.Communicationis“theprocessbywhichpeopleexchangeinformationorexpresstheirthoughtsandfeeling.”AccordingtothestudiesofSamovar,PorterandStefani,thereareseveralcharacteristicsforcommunication,ofwhichthemostimportantoneis“communicationisadynamicprocessofencodinganddecoding,duringwhichmessagesource,encoding,message,channel,receiver,decoding,responseandfeedbackaretheeightmajorcommunicativeelements;successfulcommunicationonlyhappenswhenthematerialisfilledwithculture-specificelements.[2]23-27Therefore,theyarguedthatculturaldifferencesarethemainobstaclesininterculturalcommunication.Besides,theyemphasizedthatinthecourseofinterculturalcommunication,aparticipantshouldnotonlybefamiliarwithhis/herownlanguageandculture,butthelanguageandcultureofhis/hercounterpart,especiallythedifferencesbetweenthetwoinvolvedcultures.Onlywhentheparticipantorthetranslatorkeepstheseculturalfactorsinmindcanheorsheavoidafailureofcommunication.3.1DifferenceinVocabularySomewordscarrythemeaningofculturaltraitswhichisparticulartoacertaincommunitiesandthereforetheyhavenocorrespondingequivalentswordsinothercommunities.That’stosay,notallwordsinotherlanguagecanfindtheircounterpartsinanotherlanguage.Somewordsorphrasesareuniqueandunshared.Forexample,“衙门”,“叩头”,“皇粮”,“庙会”,“重阳节”,“冰糖葫芦”,inChinesecannotbereplacedwiththeequivalentwordsinEnglish,becausetheyhaveneverappearedintheWest.Sofarasthelanguagewhichdealswithnaturalphenomenaandrelatedconceptsisconcerned,manyor.页脚... .Chinese“节气”donothaveequivalentsinEnglish.“雨水”,forexample,istranslatedasRainWater(2ndSolarTerms).Eventhephrase“solarterms”isnotunderstoodbymostWesterners.Suchnamesmeanlittleornothingwithoutsomesortofadditionalexplanation.Whenanexpressioninthematerialsmanifestsauniqueelementinthatparticularculture,andsuchanelementdoesnotexistintheothercountry,aproblemofvacantcorrespondencearises.Forexample,“阴”and“阳”havenoequivalentwordsinEnglishandareexplainedas“twoforcesthroughwhoseessences,accordingtoTaoistcosmology,theuniversewasproducedandcosmicharmonyismaintained.Yinisdark,femaleandnegative,andyangislight,maleandpositive”.[6]11YinandyangwereseenastheunderlyingprinciplebytraditionalChinesemedicaldoctorswhofinditdifficultforthemtoexplaintoWesterners.Theyhavetodescribethesymptomstothem.Suchexamplesarefartoomanytobementionedhere.Asfortouristpublicitymaterials,foreigntouristscan’tunderstandtheseculture-specificexpressionswithoutanyexplanations.3.2DifferenceinSyntaxStructureCulturaldifferencesinthesemanticassociationsevokedbyseeminglycommonconcepts,itisgenerallyacceptednowadays.[7]103Forinstance:Chineseusuallytransmitswithdistinctivestylisticfeatures.Its‘ambiguity’,togetherwithitswideuseof“four-characterExpressions”,eventherelativeflowery(superfluous)modificationmethodmanifestChinesepeople’sthoughtpatternsandaestheticvalues(culture).IthasbeenclaimedthattheChinesethoughtpatternisspiralandthetopicisusuallydevelopedinaninductiveway,fallingintothehigh-contextcategory;whileEnglishthoughtpatternisstraightforwardandthetopicisusuallydevelopedinadeductivemethod,thusfallingintothelow-contextcategory.[8]28AChineselearneroruserofEnglish,unawareoftheseculturaldifferencesrelatedtolanguagebetweenChineseandEnglish,mayproduceadescriptioninEnglishthatsoundsunnaturalorabsurdtonativespeakers.ButsalientfeaturesassociatedwithidealismintourismChinesearenotallreadilyaccessible.Moreoftenthannot,itsconnotationcanbetransmittedbydoingcertainadjustmentsinreading.Takingthecoupletdepictingthehighlightofaparkalongthewestlakeastheexample:.页脚... .山山水水处处明明秀秀，晴晴雨雨时时好好奇奇Withwatersandhills,eachplacelooksbrightandbeautiful;Rainorshine,everymomentappearspleasantandwonderful.[9]104Althoughtheclearandplain-styledEnglishversionhascertainculturalaspectsoftheoriginalonelost,theEnglishversionwithanalogicalstylisticflavourcommunicatesapicturesquecontextimpressively.Sincecertainconnotativemeaninginonelanguageisembeddedinthemindofthelanguage-usersandnoteasytobeexpressedinotherlanguage,itseemstobeinevitabletolosecertainculturalfactorsintranslation.Becauseoncelanguageitselfbecomesassociatedwithperception,itbecomesassociatedwithparticularmeaningandvalues.Oncethisassociationismade,languageitself“filters”perceptioninsomeway.[10]15ForChinese,semanticmeaningissalient,forwhichcohesioncanbesacrificedtosomeextent.ForEnglish,logicismoresignificant,foronlywithitcanthesentencemakesense.Soitisevidentfromthisillustration,ifitisvalid,thatlanguageplaysamajorroleinrepresentingthetotalityofculture.Languageisimportantinthatlanguagefunctionsasbothareflectionofuniqueexperienceandtheculturewithin.Whenthisisappliedtotourisminterculturalcommunication,whichisresponsibleforspreadingthedistinctiveChineseculturetotheotherpartsoftheworld,languageconversionshouldtaketheaspectofcultureandthoughtintoconsiderationandmaximallyreducethelossofChineseculturalelement.3.3DifferenceinCultureForabetterunderstandingoftourismtranslation,itisimperativethatatranslatoradoptaninterculturalperspectivetoinvestigatethedifferencesbetweentheoriginalandtargetcultures.Theinterculturalperspectiveisfundamentalforthetranslatorinthetranslationwhichisnotonlyinter-lingualbutintercultural.Theinterculturalperspectiveintourismtranslationdoesnotrefertotranslatingcultureitselfbuttheculturalsignificanceembeddedintranslation.AsSamovarputsitinCommunicationbetweenCulture,intheprocessoftranslating,theinterculturalperspectivecanserveasaguideforatranslator,whobuildsbridgesnotonlybetweenlanguagesbutalsobetweenthedifferencesoftwocultures.Toincorporatethisperspectiveintotranslation,thetranslatorshouldmakesomeculturalcomparison.Intranslating,thetranslator.页脚... .shouldmakesomeculturalcomparisonsbetweenChinaandWesterncountries.[2]1313.3.1DifferenceinPsychologyThedifferentmotivationsforthetouristsathomeandabroadtotravelreflectthedifferentculturalpsychologicaldemands.AsmostChinesearefamiliarwiththeculturalbackgroundsofthedestinations,theiraimtotravelistoenjoythenaturalsceneryandrelaxthemselves.Butforforeigntourists,oneoftheimportantmotivationsisconnectedwiththeircuriosityaboutexoticcultures,whichcanbeseenfromthedesiretoknowaboutotherplacesorcountriesandtohaveallkindsofexperiencesintraveling.Thismotivationwilllargelydeterminethedestinationstobechosenandtheactivitiestoparticipatein.TheycometoChinanotjustforthenaturalscenery,butforthemysteriousorientalculture.TheyarecuriousabouttheChineseculture,forexample,thecustoms,thelifestyles,historyoftheareaetc.Weshouldbeawareofthepsychologicaldifferences.Thatistosay,weshouldhavedifferentemphasisorfocusontranslationtosatisfytheneedofdifferenttourists.Thetranslator,therefore,shouldkeepthosedifferencesinhismindwhentranslatingthematerialsandemployeffectivemethodstosatisfythedemandsoftouristsfromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.3.3.2DifferenceinConventionsConventionalcustomsandhabitsaregenerallyacceptedamongmembersofacertainsocialgroup.Theyareestablishedbyonesocialgroupandpassedonfromgenerationtogeneration.MosttouristsarecuriousaboutChinese-specificobjectsoftenconfusingthem.Forexample,inChina,foodsaregivenparticularmeaning,sothatatypeoffoodcanonlybeeatenbysomespecificindividualsoncertainoccasion,ormustbeeatenonspecificoccasion.Fishplaysalargeroleinfestivecelebrations.TheChinesewordforfish“yu”soundslikethehomophobicwordsbothforwishandabundance.Asaresult,onSpringFestivalEveitiscustomarytoserveafishfordinner,symbolizingthewishforaccumulationsofprosperityinwealthinthecomingyear.Butitis.页脚... .unlikelyforWesternerstohavethesameassociationasChinesepeoplewhentheyeatfish.ChinesefestivalswithspecialconnotationsarealsohardforWesternerstounderstand.TakingQingmingFestivalasanexample,itisoneofthe24solartermsinChina,fallingonApril4-6eachyear.[11]192TheQingmingFestivalisnotonlyasolartermtoguidefarming;itismoreafestivalofcommemoration.BoththeHanandminorityethnicgroupsoffersacrificestotheirancestorsandsweepthetombs.Inordertohelpforeignersbetterunderstandtheculturalconnotationbehindthesecustomsandconventions,explanationsshouldbeadded.3.3.3DifferenceinHistoricalCultureEverycountryownsitsspecialhistoricalcultureintheprocessofdevelopment.China,acountrywithahistoryofmorethanfivethousandyears,accumulatesmanyculturaltreasureswhichattractforeigners.Forexample,theMausoleumoftheFirstEmperorQinandTerracottaWarriorsandHorses,ForbiddenCity,etc,arevaluablehistoricheritages.Buttheintroductionstothemintouristpublicitymaterialswithoutanyexplanationobstructreaders’understandingofthem.3.3.4DifferenceinThinkingModesThebarriertothetranslationfortourismalsoliesinthefactthattherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternthinkingmodes.TheChineseculturelaysemphasisontheharmonyandtheunitybetweenmanandnature.Thatiswhy,intheirdescriptionoftheoutsideworld,Chineselikeusinggraceful,gorgeous,andimplicitwordstoexpresstheirinnerthoughtsandemotions.Inotherwords,whentheoutsideworldarousestheirinterestandstimulatestheirimagination,theychoosewordsonthebasisoftheirsubjectiveemotions.Theromanticcharmandartisticconceptionachievedthroughfuzzythinkingshedlightontheveileddescriptionsofbeautifulthings.Scholarsclassifythisthinkingmodetobeintuitive.“IntegrationofHumanwithHeaven”canalsofinditsvoiceintheinductivethinkingmode.Chinesediscoursestructureisalsoanexampleofthisthinkingmode,whichshowsacircularline.页脚... .ofdevelopmentforaChineseparagraphtofollow.However,theaesthetictasteofWesternnationsisquitedifferent.Westernerslaymoreemphasisonanalysisandlogic,strivingtoimitateandreproducetheobjectiveworld.Theytrytodescribethenatureasitis,andthis,inwriting,ismanifestedinform,realityandreason.Thesentencesinwritingareusuallyneat,clearandwellstructured,theideasaremeticulouslyexpressedandtheexpressionsusedarealwaysconcise,natural,descriptiveanddirect,[12]230-241whichisregardedbysomescholarsastypicalofrationalthinkingmode,inwhichfuzzyandmeaninglesswordsarerejected.Thisthinkingmodeisdeductive.Therefore,Englishparagraphnormallyfollowsastraightlineofdevelopment,beginningwiththestatementofthecentralideaexpressedbyatopicsentence,followedbysomesupportingideas.Thesesupportingideashelpdevelopthecentralideaandpavethewayforthecoming-upparagraphs.[13]52TheuniquethoughtpatternoftheChinese“beatingaroundthebush”givesrisetothedifferenceinChineseparagraphfromthatofEnglish.EnglishstylesareusuallyclearanddistinctwhileChinesestylesareambiguousandlessdistinctive.Veryoftenthereisacontinuousflowofformalwordsintoinformalstylesandofinformalwordsintoformalstyles.[14]633.3.5DifferenceinAestheticTasteThefactorsofnaturalenvironment,socialcontext,politics,economy,andreligionwillinfluencetheaestheticvaluesofapersongreatly.[15]3WhatisgreatlyappealingtoChinesemaynotbesoappealingtoWesterners.Forexample,thefamousancienttown,amanagerofascenicspotjustwantstoattractmoreWesterners.FortheChinese,whathehasdescribedisquitedesirable,quietandbeautiful.However,fortheWesternerstheyhavedifferentresponse.Intheireyes,itisaquitenoisyplace.Theydonotlikeitatall.OnlywhenweareawareoftheaestheticdifferencebetweenthedifferentreaderscanwemaketheEnglishversionmoreattractiveandeffective..页脚... .4.InterculturalCommunicationAwarenessinTourismTranslationAmongtheproblemsintranslationofEnglishforTourismpractice,linguisticincompetenceisrelativelyeasiertogetridofaslongasmenhasacorrectandresoluteattitudetowardimproving.Linguisticcompetencecanbeacquiredoraccumulatedbyfollowingsomesetlinguisticrulesthatareavailableeverywhere.Itisactuallyamatteroftimeandpatiencetoimproveit.Giventhefactthatlinguisticcompetenceisthemostfundamentalskillaqualifiedtranslatormustbear,withoutwhichallotherdiscussionsontranslationareimpossibleandmeaningless,thediscussiononlinguisticincompetenceisnotdeemedasaprimaryconcernandshallbeleftoutinthisthesis.4.1TranslationfromInterculturalPerspectiveAswehavediscussedabove,translationisbynomeansameretechnicalworkofconvertinglanguagebutademandingworkthatrequiresthecooperationoflanguageandcultures.Acomparisonoftwodifferentculturesshouldbemadeforabetterversionintargetlanguagewhichismoreculturallyacceptable;besides,thesuccessfulinterculturalunderstandingisbasedonrecognizingthewaysinwhichthetwoculturesresembleoneanotheraswellasthewaysinwhichtheydiffer.Ofcourse,acombinationoftranslationwithinterculturalknowledgeisatoughjob,becausetheculturaldifferencesbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguagearesosubtleandevenintangible.Therefore,astudyintotranslationfrominterculturalperspectiveisofgreatpracticalsignificance.Itcanhelpatranslatoracquireculturalinformationandlearnmoreaboutthehistoryandcivilizationinbothcommunities,thusimprovingthetranslator’sculturalinsight.Beingaculturalcarrier,translationplaysakeyroleininterculturalcommunication,deeplyrootedinlanguage;translationmakesinterculturalcommunicationmorecolorful.[16]53Today,livinginmulticulturalsocietiesofaglobalvillagewithalargenumberofinternationaltourists,weallfaceintercommunicationeverydayandnowrealizetheimportanceofissuesofinterculturalunderstanding..页脚... .Forabettercommandoftranslation,itisimperativethatatranslatoradoptinterculturalawareness.Theinterculturalawarenessisoneofthebasicrequirementsforatranslatorwhenheparticipatesintranslationwhichisbothinter-lingualcommunicationandinterculturalcommunication.Interculturalawarenessisaparticularwayofthinking,acriterionforjudgmentoranacutesensitivitytoculturalelementsconsciouslyorunconsciouslycultivatedbythetranslator.Thewayofthinkingandthejudgmentcriterionembodiedintheinterculturalawarenessareoftenconsideredtobetheyardstickstoevaluateatranslator’swork.Togainthisawarenessandtoputitintofulluseintranslationwillbringagreatsuccesstothetranslatorbecauseinterculturalawarenessstressesculturalinteractionandculturalcomparison.Theemphasisonculturalinteractionandculturalcomparisondoesnotmeanthattranslationfrominterculturalperspectiveneglectsknowledgeaboutspecificculture.Onthecontrary,itisconsideredaprerequisiteforthetranslatortohaveexpertknowledgeofatleasthisownculturewhichisanoften-neglectedskill.Anacutesensitivitytoculturaldifferenceswillhelpthetranslatortoovercometherestraintsofculturalelements.Ifthetranslatormastersculturesaswellassourcelanguageandtargetlanguage,hewilllearntoseethewordsasnativespeakersseeit,andhewillalsolearnthewaysinwhichtheirlanguagereflectstheidea,customs,andbehaviouroftheirsociety,Asaresult,hecanconveytheculturalinformationandtheculturalconnotationatthesametime,That’showinterculturalawarenessisacquired.FortheforeigntouristswhoknowlittleChineseculture,agoodversiontranslatedfrominterculturalperspectivecanimmeasurablycontributetomutualunderstandingandculturalexchanges.4.2CaseStudiesTourismtranslationis,generallyspeaking,aninterculturalactivitywithcross-lingual,cross-society,cross-temporal-spatial,cross-culturalandpsychologicalfeatures.Translatorshavetotacklemanydifficulties.[7]59Case1:Interculturalismlooksforcommonalitiesamongdifferentcultures.Itaimstomixandharmonizethedifferencesbyaneclecticway.Takethefollowingastheexample:.页脚... .海拔256.9的南高峰由石灰岩形成，位于西湖西南，从烟霞洞里一条小路可达南高峰山顶。聘望亭卓立山顶，人立亭中，山、谷、湖、江、城、乡的景色尽收眼底。下山途中，有古老的烟霞洞、有趣的水乐洞、宽敞的石屋洞，庞大的千人洞可供寻幽探胜。The256.9-meterSouthernPeak,formedoflimestone,islocatedsouthwestoftheWestLake.AfootpathleadstoitstopfromtheHazeatSunsetCave.TheChengWangPavilionstandsatthetopofthehill,fromwhichyoumayentertainyoureyesonthehillsandvales,lakesandrivers,thecityandthecountry.Onyourwaydownhill,youcanfindenjoymentinexploringsuchcavesastheancientHazeatSunsetCave,thedelightfulWaterMusicCave,thespaciousStone-houseCave,andtheenormous1000-manCave.[9]26TheChineseversionisgorgeousandelegantinstyle,butthebeautyoftheoriginaltextisnoteasytobeadequatelyexpressedinEnglish.Assumingthatitishardfortargetreaderstoperceivetherefinedstyleofsourcetext,thetranslatorcreatesanewstyleinEnglish:translatingtheChinesetextorallyinsteadofinwrittenform;usingthesecondperson“you”asaccustomedbyforeignerstoreplacethethirdperson.Inaddition,thetranslatortreatstheChinesefour-charactercollocationsadaptivelyandconvertsphraseslike“尽收眼底”and“寻幽探胜”to“entertainyoureyes”and“findenjoyment”whichareeasiertobeunderstoodbyforeigntouristsbutsomewhatdifferentfromthefocioftheoriginalone.Comparativelyspeaking,“findenjoyment”for“寻幽探胜”ismoresuitableforthesourcetext.ThetextistranslatedorallyinsteadofinwrittenformandtheChinesefour-charactercollocationsarerenderedfreely.Besides,theEnglishversionisnotlogicallyconnectedforitstillconformstothesourcelanguageinsentencestructure.Obviously,itisnoteffectiveinplotdevelopmentinhypotacticEnglish.Toimproveit,wemayadoptinterculturalism.The256.9-meterSouthernPeakisformedoflimestone.ItislocatedsouthwestoftheWestLakeandcanbeaccessiblebyafootpathconnectedtotheHazeatSunsetCave.TheChengWangPavilionstandshighthere,fromwhichyoumayhavepanoramicviewofthehillsandvales,lakesandrivers,thecityandthecountry.Onyourwaydownhill,youcaneitherretreatinserenityorfindenjoymentinexploringsuchcavesastheancientHazeatSunsetCave,thedelightfulWaterMusicCave,thespaciousStone-houseCave,andtheenormous.页脚... .1000-manCave.[9]27Firstly,inretranslatingthepassage,thesimilarityofthinkingmodesunderlyinginhumanmindsispursued.ThethematicprogressionincludedintheChinesetextisthustransferredintotheEnglishtext,producingasoundpatternabove.Asforthefirstsentence,itgivessaliencetothesubjectinquestionbyadjustingthesentencestructure.Astothesecond,itbringsouttheemphasisoftheoriginalbyreplacing“standingatthetopofthehill”with“standhigh”.Second,phraseslike“尽收眼底”and“寻幽探胜”arerenderedinaneclecticway,compromisingonthecommonalitiesbetweenChineseandWesterncultures.Inthiscase,thetranslator(especiallytheformerphrase)willfrustrateforeignersfortheysharequitedifferentculturalbackgroundfromours,whereasfreetranslationcannottransmittheauthenticsceneryintohighlights.Sointerculturalismisappliedintothesecondtextforweshouldstandattheforeigners’pointtoconsiderthequestions.Interculturalismisafeasiblealternativetomakethebeautyandfunhiddenintheoriginaltext.Itmakescommunicationmoresmoothlyandefficiently.Case2:位于杭州湾北岸海盐县境内的南北湖风景区，总面积30平方公里，由湖塘、颖超顶、谭仙岭、滨海四个景区组成，融山、海、湖自然景观于一体，兼有丰富的人文景观，是浙江省省级风景名胜区。LocatedinHaiyanCountry,northoftheHangzhouBay,theNanbeiLakeisoneofthescenicresortsinZhejiangProvincecharacterizedbyitsdiversescenic,culturalandhistoricalhighlights.Withanareaof30squarekilometers,theresortcomprisesfoursections:TheLakeArea,Yingchaoding(eagle-nesttop),TanxianHillandtheSeashore.[17]37ThestructureoftheEnglishversionhasbeenarrangedmainlyduetodifferentthinkingmodesofChineseandEnglish.Chinesethinkingpatternisspiralandtheinformationcenterappearsattheendoftheparagraph,whileEnglishthinkingpatternisinalinearorderandthetopicisusuallydevelopedinadeductiveway.Sothetranslatordividesthewholesentenceintotwosentencesandputtheinformationcenteratthebeginningoftheparagraphsoastocatertothereadinghabitsoftheforeignreaders.Case3:WestLake.页脚... .西湖风景旅游区拥有60平方公里的地域，而西湖占有5.6平方公里，南北纵长3.3千米，东西横长2.8千米。周长15千米。三面环山，一面城镇商业中心。白堤和苏堤把西湖分成五大块。三潭印月，半山湖亭，西湖十大景观，而西湖十景更给西湖增添美景。TheWestLakeScenicAreacoversanareaof60squarekilometers,outofwhichtheWestLakeoccupies5.6squarekilometerswith3.3kilometersfromnorthtosouthand2.8kilometersfromwesttoeast.Thelakehasacircumferenceof15kilometers.Itissurroundedbyhillsonthreesidesandfacesthedowntownareaononeside.Thecharminglakeisapearlthatlaybythecity.Therearetwobrocade-ribbon-likecausewaysinsidethelake,namelyBaiCausewayandSuCauseway,andtheydividethelakeintofiveparts.Threeman-madeislandsnamedThreePoolsmirroringthemoon,Mid-lakePavilionstandelegantlyintheouterlake.The“TenWestLakeviews”andthe“TennewWestLakeView”addmuchmorebeautytotheWestLake.[18]Theaboveintroductionsareinformativeandwell-organized.Andtheygivethepotentialtouristsabasicstockofknowledgeaboutthescenicresorts.Thelanguage,togetherwiththephotographintheparagraphisneatandexpressive,introducingthelakeclearly.Itiscomingfromanofficialwebsites.OfficialwebsitesareanothermediumwhichprovideshighqualityEnglishversionoftourismculture.Takingthecultureintoaccount,weaimatlocatinganeffectiveandfeasibleorientationintranslation,thuswillhopefullyenhanceHangzhou’sinternationalpopularityinthelongrun.Case4:早在唐代，这里就以建有望湖亭而闻名。南宋和元代，望湖亭被道教庙宇和佛教寺院取代，后又改成龙王堂。到清康熙三十八年（1699），拆龙王堂改建成御书楼。EarlyintheTangDynasty,therestoodabuildingknownastheLakeViewPavilion,whichwasreplacedbyaTaoisttempleandBuddhistmonasteryduringtheSouthernSongandYuanDynasties,andlaterturnedintotheDragonKing’sTemple.Inthe38thyearofthereignofKangxioftheQingDynasty(1699)thetemplewasremodeledintotheImperialBookPavilion.[9]16Readingtheshortpassage,foreignersmaybelostinthemazeofculturalterms.BesidestheQingDynastywhichwasannotatedwiththeChristianera,termslike“theTangDynasty,theSouthernSongandYuanDynasties,Kangxi,.页脚... .DragonKing”arehardtobecomprehendedbytheforeignerswithoutconsultingotherresources.Theymayalsofeelconfusedaboutwhysuchamonster(dragon)inatemplewasenshrinedneartheenchantingmoon-watchingspot.Actually,asfarasdynastictimesinChina,dragonstoodforthekingandtherewerefewnegativeconnotations.InChinesepeople’smind,dragonisanauspiciouscreaturethatsupposedlybringsgoodluck,buttoWesterners,itisoftenasymbolofevil,afiercemonsterthatdestroysandthereforemustbedestroyed.Inaddition,DragonKinginoneofChinesetreasuresliteraturesentitledPilgrimagetotheWestisadeitywhomasterstherainfalloftheearth,sohisimageisquitecompatibletoAutumnMoonovertheCalmLake.Withoutnourishingofwaterresource,thescenicspotwouldhavebeenturnedintoadecadentplace.ToughsymbolofChinesedragonhasbeenmademoreandmorepopularwiththepaceofglobalization;thetouristattractionmaystillloseitsbeautybecausetheforeignersremainunfamiliarwithChinesecultureandwillbetotallyfrustrated.Case5:Atlastletusseeashortitinerarywhichismadeoutbymyself,becauseofsomedetailedresearch,Ireallyrealizetheculturalelementsaresoimportantintranslatingthematerialssothatforeignerscanunderstandthemmoreeasily.ThisitineraryispreparedforsomeIndiantourists,forweallknowthattherearesomanydifferencesbetweenChineseandIndiancultures,sotheremustbeabiggapwhenIndiansvisitChina.Inordertomakethecommunicationandtourismservicebetter,Itrytotranslatethemfrominterculturalperspective.旅游路线第一天北京早餐后，直奔北京中心，紫禁城，拥有9000多间房间，接着乘车去颐和园。中饭过后，参观天坛，而毗连天坛的是大祈殿，自始自终没用一个钉子的128英尺的宏伟建筑物。TourItineraryDay1BeijingAfterbreakfastwetraveltocentralBeijingforaguidedtourthroughthefamousForbiddenCity.ThisextravagantpalaceofChineseemperorhasover9000rooms.FromtheImperialCitywetakeabusacrossBeijingforatourofthelovelySummerPalace.AfterlunchwevisittheTempleofHeaven,where.页脚... .emperorsweresaidtohavedirectaccesstoGod.AdjoiningthetemplestandstheHallofPrayerforGoodHarvest,a128footperfectlyroundedifice,constructedwithouttheuseofasinglenail.WecanseefromtheupexamplethatEnglishversionisinaconcisestylewithfactualandexactdescription.Frominterculturalperspective,itiswritteninfirst-or-second-personpointofviewwithanefforttoachieveintimacybetweenthetranslatorandthereaders.Moreover,itgenerallytendstousecommonadjectivesandadverbstocreateaninformalstyle.Iusesimplerwordsinrenderingwithoutanyexaggeration.Thepronoun“we”isemployed,adaptingtheversiontotheforeigners’taste.Theplainstylemeetsforeigners’conventionandwillpossiblyarousetheirdesiretovisitthisresort.5．ConclusionFrom“theageofdiscovery”tothismillennium,globalizationhasbeenunderwayandithasdramaticallyalteredtherelationsandconnectionsbetweenpeoplesfromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Socialchanges,culturaldifferences,identity,uncertainty,diversityandworldorderintheprocessofglobalcommunicationdemandfreshperspectivesandnewsystemsofexplanation.Insuchrapidlychangingworld,communicationplaysamuchmoreimportantroleintourismtodaythaneverbefore.Fullattentionmustbepaidtoculturalfactorsduringthetranslatingprocess.Translatingisaninteractionprocessthatnormallyhappensbetweenpeoplewithdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Theauthoranalyzessomeculturalfactorsconcerningtouristtranslation,findingoutthatthedifferencesarefarmorethansimilaritiesmainlyduetodifferentpsychology,conventions,historicalculture,thoughtpatternsandaesthetictaste.Sincethepurposeoftranslatingistoinformthetargetreadersofthefamousscenicspots,longhistoryandChinesebrilliantculture,thetranslationshouldbetourist-orientedandcatertothetasteofWesternreaderswhoprefertoreadconciseandfact-basedarticles.Thenithaspointedoutthatthetranslatorshouldbeaculturalcommunicatorratherthanamechanicaltransmitteroftheoriginal.Guidedbytheinterculturalcommunicationtheory,thetranslatorshouldbebilingualandbicultural,andheshouldbeobservantof.页脚... .notonlythesuperficialmeaningofthetouristEnglishbuttheculturalmeaningthatliesbetweenthelines,sothatacceptable,understandableandculture-transmittingtranslationcanbeachieved.Tosumup,intranslatingtourismEnglish,culturalsignificancesshouldbeaddressed.WithincreasingculturalexchangesbetweenChinaandothercountries,thetranslationasapublicitytoolcallsformoreattention.Manyeffortsremaintobemade.Weareworkinghardtopromoteourtranslatingskills,andmoredesirably,tohaveadeeperunderstandinguponthenatureofinterculturalcommunication..页脚... .References[1]Nida,Eugene.Language,CultureandTranslation[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,1993.[2]Samovar,L.A,R.EPorter,L.AStefani.CommunicationbetweenCultures[M].California:WadsworthPublishingCompany,1998.[3]王金生.英语语言学学习精要[M].哈尔滨：哈尔滨地图出版社,2008.[4]胡文仲.跨文化交际面面观[J].外语教学与研究出版社,1990/2000.[5]胡文仲.跨域文化的屏障—胡文仲比较文学论集[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社,2004.[6]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教育与研究出版社,1989.[7]陈刚.旅游翻译与涉外导游[M].北京：中国对外翻译出版社,2004.[8]Hall,EdwardT.beyondCulture[J].NewYork:Doubleday,2003.[9]徐应更.西湖细语[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2005.[10]Robinson,GailL.Cross-culturalUnderstanding[M].Cambridge:PrenticeHallInternational(UK)Ltd,1988.[11]张蓓，韩江.中国文化掠影[J].广州:华南理工大学出版社,2004.[12]贾文波.应用翻译功能论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2004.[13]陈宏薇.从文化角度论汉译英中的变形与求信[A].文化与翻译[M]北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.[14]李运兴.语际翻译中的文化因素[A].文化与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.[15]朱益平.论旅游翻译中文化差异的处理[J].西北大学学报,2005.[16]沈祖祥.旅游与中国文化[C].北京:旅游教育出版社,1999.[17]张建融.AGuidetoHangzhou[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,2005..页脚...
