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1、WindpowerWindpoweristheconversionofwindenergyintoausefulformofenergy,suchasusingwindturbinestomakeelectricity,windmillsformechanicalpower,windpumpsforpumpingwaterordrainage,orsailstopropelships.Attheendof2009,worldwidenameplatecapacityofwind-poweredgeneratorswas1
2、59.2gigawatts(GW).(ByJune2010thecapacityhadrisento175 GW.)Energyproductionwas340TWh,whichisabout2%ofworldwideelectricityusage;andhasdoubledinthepastthreeyears.Severalcountrieshaveachievedrelativelyhighlevelsofwindpowerpenetration,suchas20%ofstationaryelectricityp
3、roductioninDenmark,14%inIrelandandPortugal,11%inSpain,and8%inGermanyin2009.AsofMay2009,80countriesaroundtheworldareusingwindpoweronacommercialbasis.Windpower:worldwideinstalledcapacity1996-2008Large-scalewindfarmsareconnectedtotheelectricpowertransmissionnetwork;
4、smallerfacilitiesareusedtoprovideelectricitytoisolatedlocations.Utilitycompaniesincreasinglybuybacksurpluselectricityproducedbysmalldomesticturbines.Windenergy,asanalternativetofossilfuels,isplentiful,renewable,widelydistributed,clean,andproducesnogreenhousegasem
5、issionsduringoperation.However,theconstructionofwindfarmsisnotuniversallywelcomedbecauseoftheirvisualimpactbutanyeffectsontheenvironmentaregenerallyamongtheleastproblematicofanypowersource.Theintermittencyofwindseldomcreatesproblemswhenusingwindpowertosupplyalowp
6、roportionoftotaldemand,butastheproportionrises,increasedcosts,aneedtoupgradethegrid,andaloweredabilitytosupplantconventionalproductionmayoccur.Powermanagementtechniquessuchasexportingandimportingpowertoneighboringareasorreducingdemandwhenwindproductionislow,canmi
7、tigatetheseproblems.BurboBankOffshoreWindFarm,attheentrancetotheRiverMerseyinNorthWestEngland.HistoryHumanshavebeenusingwindpowerforatleast5,500yearstopropelsailboatsandsailingships.Windmillshavebeenusedforirrigationpumpingandformillinggrainsincethe7thcenturyADin
8、whatisnowAfghanistan,India,IranandPakistan.IntheUnitedStates,thedevelopmentofthe"water-pumpingwindmill"wasthemajorfactorinallowingthefarmingandranchingofvastar