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1、RhetoricalDevices(修辞手段)语体文体修辞学：（Stylistics）语体部分研究语言在不同的交际领域中所形成的功能分化，如科技语体、公文语体、新闻语体、法律语体、口语语体等；文体部分则研究文学语言与风格，包括个人风格与时代、流派风格。人文修辞学：（Rhetoric）重点研究控制读者或听者反应的技巧，具体包括：语言符号在各种交际活动中的影响力，深化认识和影响感情的手段，劝说的各种论辩技巧，表达内容与表达方式之间的关系等。Parallelism.Youbeginorendaseriesofclausesorsentenceswith
2、thesamewords,inordertoemphasizeasimilarityorparallelismintheideasbeingstated.Withcalmconfidencewebeganthespeechcourse.Withcalmconfidencewedideachexercise,gaveeachspeech,tookeachexam.Withcalmconfidenceweawaitourfinalgrades.Parallelism.Fondlydowehope,ferventlydowepray,thatthism
3、ightyscourgeofwarmayspeedilypassaway.Youareright.ButyourpatchisnotbigenoughPeriodicsentence(掉尾句，圆周句).Whenaspeakerwantstoarousemildcuriosityandthensatisfyitwithasenseofnaturalfinishwithinasentence,hecanmaketheclimaxofmeaningandtheendofthesentencecoincide.Toimpartanimpressionof
4、crispcontrolinspeakingweuseperiodicsentences.Inanycase,avoidtheindefiniteloosesentence,inwhichevenshiftsinthinkingareconnectedby“anduh”—asifthespeakerfearedhislifemustendwiththeendofthesentence.Attheendofthesentence,stop.Thenstartthenextsentence.Periodicsentencesachieveforcef
5、ulnessbysuspense.Theessentialelementsinthesentencesarewithhelduntiltheend.YesterdaywhileIwaswalkingdownthestreetImethim.AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.NextcametheCourtofWomen,followedbytheCourtofIsraelites,theCourtofthePriestsand,aboveall,themassivesacri
6、ficialaltar.Tothisshouldbeaddedafaithfulcollectionoftherevenue,astrictaccountabilitytotheTreasuryforeverydollarcollected,andthegreatestpracticableretrenchmentinexpenditureineverydepartmentofGovernment.Ellipsis.Ingivingaseriesofdetails,youcanproduceagreatersenseofenergyorurgen
7、cybyleavingout“and”orothergrammaticallynormalwords.“Theabandoneddogwasstarved,flea-ridden,scared.”“Hehadaquick,sarcasticmind;amasteroftheput-down.”Theaudienceparticipatedbymentallyfillinginthemissingwords,suchas“hewas”inthemiddleofthelattersentence.Metaphor(暗喻):Oneobjectislik
8、enedtoanotherbyspeakingofitasifitwerethatother.Theworldisastage.Thed
