临床医学英语

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实用标准新编临床医学英语第1期：病患的问题与诉求Unit1TextAInternalMedicineandToday'sInternist第1单元文章A内科与内科医生Questions/PleasofthePatient病患的问题与诉求HowcanIfindagooddoctor?"我如何找到一位良医？HowcanIfindagooddoctorwhomIcanafford?"如何能够碰到一位价格亲民的医生？HowcanIfindagooddoctorwhocaresaboutmeasaperson?〃又如何能够遇见一位把我当成“人”看待的医生？HowcanIfindagooddoctorwhowilltakethetimetolistenandunderstand?"如何找到一位能够花时间倾听我的诉说，了解我的名医？Peoplewhoneedmedicalcareaskthesequestionsthroughouttheworldeveryday.每天，全球有许多病患都在询问这些问题。Theyaskthembecausetheyfaceahealthcaresystemthatisscientificallycomplex,organizationallyoverloaded,andgenerallynotorientedtothepatientasaperson.他们之所以问这些问题，是因为他们所面对的医疗保健体系技术深奥、机构臃肿，而且一般都没有意识到病人首先是一个“人”。Whenanindividualfirstbecomesill,regardlessofthesymptoms,heorsheneedsmostsomeonewhoseemstosay,如果有人生了病，不管症状如何，他们最希望听到的是："Iamagooddoctor；Ichargeareasonableamountformyservices；Icareaboutyou,thepatientandIwilltakethetimetolistenandunderstand."“我是医生；我只收取亲民价格，我关心病患，我将倾听你的诉求，理解你。”Aprominentteacher/physicianinamajormedicalcentertaughthisstudentstolistentothepatientandhewilltellyouwhatiswrong,andhewilltellyouwhatheneeds".主要医疗中心的知名学者/内科医生都会教授学生要学会倾听，病人会告诉你哪里不舒服，也将会告诉你他们的需求。Havingfoundaphysicianwhoanswerssoprofoundlytotheirneeds,somepatientsareextremelygratefulbutmostareutterlyoverwhelmed.有些内科医生完全满足了病患的需求，有些患者表现出了极大的感激之情，但是绝大部分都激动不已。Withthediscoveryofthatrelationship,thedifferencebetweenasuperbtechnicianandatruephysicianreallybecomesevidenttothepatient.有了这层关系之后，专业技师和内科医生的区别在病患面前展露无遗。Thatphysician/teacherwasascholarlygentlemanwithdeepscientificinsightandanactiveandstimulatingclinicalandresearchpractice.内科医生/教授都是学术人才，他们对学科有着科学的深刻见解，并活跃在临床和研究领域中。Unfortunatelyhedevelopedcripplingrheumatoidarthritisinthemidstofhiscareer.但是，他们在工作期间不幸患上了风湿性关节炎。Beyondquestion,hisowndiseasesensitizedhimtothecomplexmixofexpectations,needs,fears,毫无疑问，他自身的疾病使他对病人交织着期待、需要、恐惧和感激的复杂心情十分敏感，andappreciationthatpatientsfeelwhenfacingaphysical-mentaltrialwhileatthesametimelookingforthatperfectphysiciantohelpthem.这是患者们在经历身心煎熬、同时又盼望有那么一位德高望重的名医能给他进行诊治时所共有的感觉。Patientsflockedtothisdoctor,notjustforhisaccuratediagnoses,hiscorrecttherapies,orevenhiswarmth,文案大全 实用标准患者都去找这样的医生看病，并不是因为他们准确无误的诊断，正确的治疗方法，甚至是所给予的温暖，butfortheintellectheexpressedandthesheerjoyoflivingthatheextendedineveryencounterwithanotherhumanbeing.而是他们所散发的智慧之光，以及他在面对每一个“人”时所展现的喜悦之情。HehadaShakespeareangraspofthequalitiesofbeinghumanandanuncommonabilitytotransmitloveandrespectforhisfellowhumanbeings.他既能像莎翁那样对人性特点有着深刻的了解，又身具异秉能把关爱和尊重传递给全人类。Heexhibitedtheidealallphysiciansshouldemulate.他展现了所有内科医生应该展现的最理想的一面。Manyreadersknowaphysicianwiththesecharacteristicsallshouldseektoknowoneandtodeveloptheirownprofessionalpersonasothathumanqualitiesarenotlosttotechnicalacumen许多读者都认为拥有这些特征的内科医生都应该去了解，并培养自己的职业形象，只有这样，人类的本质才不会在技术面前甘拜下风。1.beorientedto面向，本句中的them是指上句的thesequestions.原文：Theyaskthembecausetheyfaceahealthcaresystemthatisscientificallycomplex,organizationallyoverloaded,andgenerallynotorientedtothepatientasaperson.他们之所以问这些问题，是因为他们所面对的医疗保健体系技术深奥、机构臃肿，而且一般都没有意识到病人首先是一个“人”。1.1nthemidstof:在…中,在…当中原文：Unfortunately,hedevelopedcripplingrheumatoidarthritisinthemidstofhiscareer.但是，他们在工作期间不幸患上了风湿性关节炎。3.beyondquestion的意思是“毫无疑问地"；sensitizesbtosth意思是“使某人对某事敏感起来”。原文：Beyondquestion,hisowndiseasesensitizedhimtothecomplexmixofexpectations,needs,fears,andappreciationthatpatientsfeelwhenfacingaphysical-mentaltrialwhileatthesametimelookingforthatperfectphysiciantohelpthem.毫无疑问，他自身的疾病使他对病人交织着期待、需要、恐惧和感激的复杂心情十分敏感。这是患者们在经历身心煎熬、同时又盼望有那么一位德高望重的名医能给他进行诊治时所共有的感觉。4.rheumatoidarthritis风湿性关节炎例句：ThestudywasalsotooshorttoshowwhetherTwHFcanslowthejointdamagecausedbyrheumatoidarthritis.这项研究时间也太短，不能显示雷公藤是否能减缓由风湿性关节炎引起的关节损伤。第2期：好医生的科学和技术专业背景THESCIENTIFICANDTECHNOLOGICBACKGROUNOFA"GOODDOCTOR"“好医生”的科学和技术专业背景SinceFlexnerissuedhisfamousreportin1910,Americanmedicaleducationhasstriventowardthedevelopmentofastrongscientificbase.自从1910年弗莱克斯纳的著名研究报告问世以来，美国的医学教育致力于培养深厚的科学基础。Thisintellectualprerequisite,therefore,hasbecomeanintegralpartofpremedical,undergraduate,graduate,and,indeed,continuingmedicaleducation.所以，以学术知识为前提的教育就成为了医学预科、本科生、研究生以及继续医学教育的主要组成部分。Biomedicalscienceisfundamentaltounderstandingdisease,makingdiagnoses,developingnewtherapies,andappreciatingthecomplexitiesandcontributionsofnewtechnologies.生物医学是掌握病情、作出诊断、研究新型治疗方法的基础，同时它还是研发新技术的基础。Physicianscannotbesatisfiedwithsimplyknowingthatacertainformoftherapyworks80to90percentofthetime.文案大全 实用标准内科医生不能够只满足于掌握某领域治疗方法的80-90%Theymustunderstandthebasicphysiologyandpharmacologyofanyapproachtheyuse.他们必须对所应用的生理学和药物学的基本疗法了如指掌。Theymustpossesstheintellectualtoolstofollowreportsofcurrentresearchinmedicaljournals他们必须能够利用学术方法来掌握医学杂志的最新研究成果，sothattheycancontinuetograspthenewestandlatestapproaches,nomatterhowcomplicatedthefieldmaybecome.不管该领域变得多么复杂多变，他们都能够掌握最新的治疗方法。Thatiswhy,inatextbookofmedicinelikethis,strongemphasisisgiventohowthingswork,whatgoesamisswhenpathologicprocessesensue,这就是为什么像这样的医学教科书要着重强调事物的运作方法，以及在病理过程中所出现的差错，andwhateffectagiventherapyhasincorrectingthatdefect.以及特定治疗方法对纠正差错所带来的影响。Weseektocreatewithinthemindsofourreadersayearningforagreaterdepthofunderstandingandacontinuingcommitmenttostayatthefrontierofscientificknowledge.我们希望我们的读者能够从内心有着更加深入的了解，并继续处在科学的最前沿。Theseare,infact,amongthehallmarksofaprofessionalinanyscientificfield.事实上，任意科学领域专业都包含了这些特点。Wearemovingintoanerawhenpharmacotherapeuticagentsarenolongermerelywondersoforganicchemistry,butincreasinglyoftenarebiologicproducts.当今时代，药剂已经不仅仅是有机化学的奇迹，它也逐渐变成了生物制品。SomeoftheseareisolatedfromnatureothersaredevelopedbyrecombinantDNAtechnology.许多产品已经脱离自然，有些是DN破术重组的产物。Onthehorizonistheavailabilityofatruereplacementorsupplementfordefectiveordeficientbiochemicalconstituentsofthebody.我们即将要面对的是真正能够替代或是能够补充生物化学成分中不足的产品。Nophysiciancan,withintellectualhonesty,usethesenewclassesofagentswithoutfullyunderstandingtheiraction,theirmeaning,andtheirpotentialsideeffects.文案大全 实用标准任何一位有学术诚信的医生都不会在没有充分了解这些新型药剂的功能、作用以及潜在副作用的情况下就使用它们。Thediagnosticandtherapeuticcontributionsandpotential,inclinicalsituations,ofbiocompatibleprostheticdevices,nuclearmagneticresonancespectroscopy,通过一系列的发展（还没有被确认），诊疗对未来临床中的生物兼容性假肢器官、核磁共振谱、high-frequencylaserbeams,andsoonthroughdevelopmentsnotyetconceivedappreciatedonlybythemindthatisdisciplinedinfundamentalscience.高频激光等所作出的贡献只有在基础科学中才能得以实现。1.percapita每人，按人口（计算）例句：TheUnitedStatesspendsmorepercapitaonhealthcarethananyothernationintheworld.美国是全球个人医疗开销最大的国家。2.Medicaidplan医疗补助制度例句：WiththepassageoftheMedicareprogramfortheelderlyandtheMedicaidplanforthepoorbyCongressin1965,1965年，美国国会通过了补助老人的退休医疗福利，以及补助穷人的穷人医疗补助，3.dentalcare牙齿护理例句：Yoursmiledependsonsimpledentalcarehabits,suchasbrushingandflossing.自信的笑容取决于简单的牙齿护理习惯，如刷牙和使用牙线。4.cost-efficient有成本效益的例句：Italsohelpsthearchitectmanageresourcesinaverycost-efficientmanner.它还有助于架构师采用一种非常具有成本效益的方式来管理各种资源。第3期：THEORGANIZATIONANDFINANCINGOFTODAY'SMEDICINE当代医疗制度与资金投入Patients,aswellastheirrepresentativesingovernment,industry,andmanaged-careorganizations,areconcernedabouttherisingcostofmedicalcare.政府、产业、管理型医疗保险代表以及病患都对不断增加的看病价格给予了高度关注。ThetotalbillforhealthcareinAmericanowrisesatarateofabout10percentperyear,anincreasethatseemstocontinueunabated.在美国，医疗开销以每年10%勺价格增长，而这一趋势还将继续下去。Federallegislationinstitutingdiagnosis-relatedgroups(DRC's)hasclearlymoderatedtheriseofhospitalcosts,butphysiciancostscontinuetoriseatanever-increasingrate.联邦立法已经开设了诊断相关组，并已经降低了医院开销，但是内科医生的开销仍然在不断增加。Everystudentofmedicineshouldaskifthisisrealistic每一名医学学生都在问这是不是真的。Isitsustainable?Isitdefensible?是可持续性的？还是有可解决的办法？Whatwillbethelimits?范围到底在哪？Patientsalreadyask,“CanIreallyaffordthebestdoctorsinthemostprestigiouspractices,inthemostfamousmedicalcenters?"病患在问，“我能去最好的医疗中心，最好的科室，找最好的医生看病吗？”“CanIaffordtobereferredtoasubspecialist?"我有钱去看那些专业医师吗？“CanIaffordtobeoutofworkandinthehospital?"我能支付得起不上班在医院看病的开销吗？“CanIaffordtopaymyrisinginsurancepremiums?"“我有钱支付不断增长的保险吗？”“HowmuchdeductibleonmyinsurancecanIafford?"文案大全 实用标准“保险中的扣除条款我能支付得起多少？”Worseyet,anincreasingnumberofpatientshavetomakechoicesbetweenseekingmedicalanddentalcareandgettingfood,clothing,shelter,andotheressentialsofdailyliving.更糟糕的是，有许许多多的病患不得不在看病，看牙和基本日常生活之间做出选择。TheseissueshavebecomemajorconcernsinAmericanhouseholdsandclearlyrepresentoneofthemostdisturbingweaknessesinoureconomy,这些问题已经成为美国家庭关心的主要问题，并且是美国经济中最令人担心的薄弱环节，ofwhichnownearly12percent(byannualgrossnationalproduct)isdevotedtohealthcare,upfrom8percentin1975.医疗费用所占每年国民生产总值的比例已由1975年的8%曾加到现在的12%OverthelasttwotothreedecadesithasbeenagoaloftheUnitedStatestopromoteeverincreasingqualityandcost-effectivenessofhealthcareforall.在过去的二三十年中，美国的目标就是要为全体民众提供质量高，成本高效益的医疗制度。Unfortunately,wehavefailedmiserably.不幸的是，我们遭遇了惨败。TheUSAspendsmorepercapitaonhealthcarethananyothernationintheworld.美国是全球个人医疗开销最大的国家。Yetinthemajorindicesofhealthourpopulationranksnineteenth!但是在主要医疗指数上，美国民众排在了第19位！Atthesametimewecontinuetoseeawastefulmaldistributionofphysiciansbothbyspecialtyandgeographicallyandagrowingnumberofmedicallyindigentandmedicallyuninsuredpeopleinournation.与此同时，无论在专业还是在地域上，内科医生的分配不合理，没有保险，没钱看病的人数还在不断增加。Somehow,thecostsofwhatwearetryingtoachieveeventhoughthegoaliscommendable一arenotbeingplacedinproperperspectivebythemedicalprofession,health-caremanagers,andrepresentativesofthepeopleinordertoprovidesuitablecareforall.尽管我们要实现的目标值得赞扬，但是我们要实现的看病价格并没有得到医疗人士、医疗卫生监管人士、以及代表的认真对待。Unfortunately,inthepresentsystemtherealneedsofthepopulacearenotalwaysmetbyaffordableservices.不幸的是，就目前的制度而言，大众所能够支付得起的医疗费用无法满足人们的要求。Atthesametime,overutilizationofmedicalservicesmaybetheveryenginethatdrivesupthetotalcostofhealthcaredelivery.与此同时，医疗服务的过度使用或许也是增加医疗费用的引擎。WiththepassageoftheMedicareprogramfortheelderlyandtheMedicaidplanforthepoorbyCongressin1965,1965年，美国国会通过了补助老人的退休医疗福利，以及补助穷人的穷人医疗补助，wehadhopedasanationthatweweremovingtowardamorejustandefficientsystem.我们希望美国的医疗系统能够变得更加公正，更加有效。Infact,theoppositehasbeenthetrend.但是事实上，我们却背道而驰。Thissocietalgoalmustnowbereaddressedreformulated,andrestructedintermsofmodernneeds,就社会需求来讲，我们应该通过重组来实现社会目标，reflectingfairlyandfullymeasuredcost-benefitratiosforeveryformofmedicalservice.全面反映医疗服务的成本与效益比例。1.percapita每人，按人口（计算）例句：TheUnitedStatesspendsmorepercapitaonhealthcarethananyothernationintheworld.文案大全 实用标准美国是全球个人医疗开销最大的国家。1.Medicaidplan医疗补助制度例句：WiththepassageoftheMedicareprogramfortheelderlyandtheMedicaidplanforthepoorbyCongressin1965,1965年，美国国会通过了补助老人的退休医疗福利，以及补助穷人的穷人医疗补助，3.dentalcare牙齿护理例句：Yoursmiledependsonsimpledentalcarehabits,suchasbrushingandflossing.自信的笑容取决于简单的牙齿护理习惯，如刷牙和使用牙线。4.cost-efficient有成本效益的例句：Italsohelpsthearchitectmanageresourcesinaverycost-efficientmanner.它还有助于架构师采用一种非常具有成本效益的方式来管理各种资源。第4期：Medicalprofessionalsoftenattributeoverutilizationtopatientbehavior.医疗专业人士经常将过度使用归罪于病患的行为。Infact,however,physicianscontrol70percentofhealthexpenditures.但是，事实上，医护人员却掌控者70%勺医疗支出。Afewpatientswithhypochondriasis,forexample,mayvisitphysicianstoooften,例如，少数患有疑病症的病患会经常就医。andmanyolderpatientsmayseekmedicalhelpattimeswhenafriendly,reassuringchatistheirrealdesire,许多老年患者有时也会寻求医疗帮助，他们希望能够得到友好，舒心的交谈，butinthefinalanalysisutilizationofthehealthcaresystemisinthehandsofphysicians.归根结底，医护系统的利用问题掌控在医护人员手中。Ironically,althoughphysiciancompetenceisoftenequatedtomasteryofexpensivetechniquesandtechnologies,文案大全 实用标准具有讽刺意味的是，虽然医术常常等同于掌握价格高昂的仪器设备和科技手段，physiciansareactuallyattheirprofessionalbestwhenlisteningtothepatientandrespondingtowhattheyhearandseewithmedicinemostcomprehensivearmamentarium.但医生达到炉火纯青境地，往往是在能够倾听患者心声并应用最先进的医疗设备对他们听到、看到的患者状况采取相应措施的时候。Overutilization,whenitoccurs,isthusmostlikelytobeourfaultasphysicians.当出现过度使用问题时，医护人员是最有可能出错的。Ourresponsibilityasprofessionalsistobeabsolutelycertainthatourerrorsinthisdirectionaredrivenbywell-foundedconcernforthehealthofourpatients,作为专业人士，我们的责任就是要坚决确保这些错误是建立在对病患健康的关心之上，notbythefinancialinterestsofourpracticesorthehospitalswherewework.而不是建立在经济效益或是医院之上。Individualphysicians,then,musttakeapersonalandprofessionalinterestinthecontrolofhealthcarecostsnotonlybecauseitisrightforthenation,butbecauseitisrightforthepatient.对于个体医护人员来说，他们必须从专业角度和个人角度来对医疗费用产生兴趣，这不仅对国家有益，还将有益于病患。Inourlitigioussociety,alegalisticallydefensiveapproachtomedicalpracticehasbecometooprevalent.在我们这个喜欢诉讼的社会里，有关医疗的法律保护方法就变得非常普遍了Theconditionsthatengenderthis我们必须对这一趋势进行纠正。Physiciansmustusealloftheirtendencymustbealtereddiagnosticskillstofocusontheverybestapproachtomedicaldiagnosisandtherapy医护人员必须使用其所有的诊断技能来关注医疗诊断和理疗方法，andtosteerawayfromunnecessaryuseorrepetitionofexpensiveproceduressuchascomputedtomography,magneticresonanceimaging,andcardiaccatheterization.并避免不必要的使用，或是重复价格昂贵的诊治，例如计算机体层摄影、核磁共振成像或是心导管插入术。Thephysicianmustuseintellectscientificknowledgeandanalyticalskillstobestservethepatientwithoutinundatingthesystemwithunnecessarycosts医生必须运用智慧(包括科学知识和分析能力)来为病人提供最佳服务，既不要给医疗保健体系增加不必要的费用，andthepatientwithafinancialburdenhesimplycannot(continuetobear.也不要给病人造成不必要的、无法继续承受的经济负担。1.take(an)interestin对发生兴趣例句：Wetakeinterestinyourcannedgoodsandwishtohavethecatalogues.我们对你方的罐头食品有兴趣，希望能收到目录。2.onthefinalanalysis归根结底例句：Nowadays,thecompetitionoftechnologyandstrengthisthecompetitionofhumansandhumancapitalonthefinalanalysis.当今世界科技和实力的竞争，归根到底是人的竞争，是人力资本的竞争。3.steerawayfrom避开例句：Wewantedtomakeacleanbreakfromactressesandsteerawayfromblondesandcleansethepalette.我们不想再用女演员代言，也不想要金发女郎，我们重新做出选择。4.financialburden财政负担例句：Bearingthefinancialburdenofcommercialandinvestmentarbitrationsisdifficultforanycountry,butmostespeciallysoforasmallcountry文案大全 实用标准likeUruguay.承担商业和投资仲裁决定的财政负担对任何国家都很艰难，对于乌拉圭这样的小国来说更是如此。第5期：Costscanbecontrolledonlyifphysiciansareconvincedoftheneedandarewillingtoparticipateinprovidingthisvitalservice.只有医护人员能够真正明白这些需求，并愿意参与到提供重大服务上来，价格才能够得到控制。Oneaspectofthiscontrolisattentiontovariouspossiblemeansofhealthcarefinance,控制价格的其中一个方面就是要重视各种卫生保健，includingprepaidplans,preferredproviderorganizationshealthmaintenanceorganizations,andothermanagedcaresystems.包括重点服务计划、优先医疗服务提供者组织、健康维护组织以及其他管理式医疗系统。Allofthesemustbecarefullyexploredwithaviewtomakinghealthcareaccessiblewhereitismostneeded.为了让最需要医疗保障的民众接受到该服务，我们必须对这些系统进行细致地探究。Clearly,multipletoolsandprogramsmaybenecessary,buttheyshouldnotbethrustuponthepatientsimplytosatisfydoctrinesoffreeenterprise.显然，这些措施和项目或许是不可或缺的，但是不能够仅仅是为了满足自由主义的信条而将其强加于病患身上。Toprovidethebesthealthcareinafiniteeconomyweneedsystemsthatprovidesuchcareinthemostefficientway,regardlessofthepaymentscheme.为了在有限的经济体中提供最好的医疗保障，不论支付计划如何，我们需要利用最有效的措施来提供医疗服务Anotheraspectofourcost-controljobistosupportandparticipateinresearchonoutcomes,在这项成本控制工作中，另一个方面就是要参与到对支出的研究上来，aimingtowardsystematicevaluationofcost-effectivenessofthemedicalprocedureswechooseinthelightofalltheinterestsofourpatient.考虑到病患的利益，我们的目的就是要对医疗程序的成本效益进行系统的评估。Forexample,wedonotknowwhytreatmentofprostatichypertrophyismorecommonlymedicalinsomepartsofthenation,surgicalinothers.例如，我们不知道为什么有些地区对会利用内科的方式来治疗前列腺增生，有的地方会利用手术的治疗方式。Whydoestheincidenceofcaesareansectionsvarysowidely?为什么实施剖腹产的范围会如此之广？Thecostsandbenefitsofcoronaryangioplastyversusbypasssurgeryremainobscure.冠状动脉成形术和心脏搭桥手术的成本和效益仍然不明确。Everyyearbillionsofdollarsarespentasaresultofclinicaldecisionsthatmayhingeontheseorsimilarissues.每年，政府都会在相似的临床问题上花费数十亿美金。Physiciansmustinvolvethemselvesintheprocessesofchangewithaneyefirsttotheindividualpatientandthentosociety.内科医生必须亲身参与到变革的过程中来，这么做首先是为了病患，其次这也有利于社会。1.withaviewto为了要例句：Timeaftertime,hereadsuchsentencesas:“Pleasecauseaninvestigationbemadewithaviewtoascertainingthetruth.马弗里克一次又一次看到这样的句子：“敬请以查明事实真相为宗旨，展开一番调查。”文案大全 实用标准1.bethruston把・一强加于例句：SpecificchallengeswillbethrustonMrsClintonfromDay1.希拉里从第一天开始就会面临具体的挑战。2.inthelightof根据例句：Theywilladjusttheirbequestsinthelightofyours.他们将根据你的赠予调整自己的遗产分配。4.hingeon靠…转动例句：Somewhatsurprisingly,theanswerturnsouttohingeonwhatyoumeanbybestandwhatyoumeanbylong-run.有些令人惊讶的是，答案取决于在你看来最好的和长期的是一个什么概念。第6期：THOSEWHOCARE那些关爱病患的医生"HowcanIfindagooddoctorwhocaresaboutmeasaperson?"如何找到一位拿病患当“人”看的医生？Whenspeakingofcaring,onehastodefinespecificallywhatismeant.说到关爱，人们不得不将其明确定义。Aphysiciancandiagnoseandprescribeinatechnicallycorrectandscientificbutinsensitivewayandthepatientmaybemadebetterevencured.医生在确诊病患时能够保证在技术和科学上的准确性，但是却不添加个人感情，患者能够在这种情况下有所好转，或是得到治愈。Ontheotherhand,whenthepatientasksthequestion,"Doesmyphysicianreallycare?〃另一方面，当病人问道：我的医生真的关心我吗？thepatientmeans,Doesitmattertothephysicianwhathappenstome?病患的意思是：“我的情况对医生来说重要吗？Doesmydoctorshowsensitivityandcompassionbeyondthemeretechnicalqualitiesofmedicine?"医生是否仅仅超越了技术层面而展现出同情和敏感。Itisinthissensethatweaddressourselvestothenatureofthosewhocare.我们正是要从这一层面去了解那些医护人员的本质。Itmayseemoddtotalkaboutcaringasaskill,butinarealsenseitisjustthat.把关爱当做一种技能来讨论似乎有一些奇怪，但是事实就是这样。Thoseinvolvedintheeducationofstudentsrealizethatatleastsomeformsofcompassionhavetobelearned.那些接受了医学教育的学生意识到他们至少要习得某些形式的同情。Thedevelopingphysicianmustseesuchtraitsinactioninordertoacquireandapplythemininteractionwithpatientsandtheirfamilies.为了在与病患和家属的沟通中获得并应用这种同情，成长中的医生必须将这些特点付诸行动。Sometimesthisinvolveslearninghowtodemonstratecompassion.有时，这些要涉及到如何展现同情心。KahlilGibranhastaughtus,"Yougivebutlittlewhenyougiveofyourpossessions?itiswhenyougiveofyourselfthatyoutrulygive."文案大全 实用标准纪伯伦教导过我们：“给予财产算不上给予，只有当你献出自己，那才算是真正的给予。”Givingofourselves?withease,withgrace,andwithmeaningisformostofusanacquiredskill.轻松，完美的献出自己，这对于我们大多数人来说是一种习得的技能。Sometimesitinvolvesadeepsenseofreawakeningwithintobringoutaninnatesensitivityandcompassionthatperhapshasnotexpresseditselfsincechildhood.有时，这包括内心深处的苏醒，并迸发出自从童年时期就没有表现过的同情和敏感。Atothertimes,learningtocaremayinvolveacompletetransformationofbehaviorandattitudestowardpeople,particularlythosewhoarenotfromourownculturalbackground.在其他时候，学习关爱或许要把对待他人的行为和态度进行全面的改变，特别是对那些拥有不同文化背景的人。Manybelievethatthegreatestresponsibilityinmedicaleducationtodayistofostercompassionwithinthestudentofmedicine.许多人相信当今医学教育中最重要的是将同情心渗透到医科大学学生的心中。Toreceivemedicalcare,patientsmusttrusttheirbodiesandtheirverylivestophysicians,andsotobeinanhonestpositionphysiciansmustearnsuchradicaltrust.为了获得关爱，病患必须对自己的身体有着足够的信心,关爱，医生必须获得百分百的信任。Meretechnicaltreatmentofdiseasedoestogivemedicalcare,并能够将自己的生命交到医生手中，那么医生就完全能够给予notsuffice.文案大全实用标准仅仅是对于疾病的技术治疗是不能够满足的Patientsmustbeablereasonablytobelievethattheirphysicianscareaboutextraordinarilypersonalway.病患必须合理地相信，他们的医生从个人层面对他们非常关心。Thisexchangeofcarefortrust,whilenotidenticaltofriendshiporlove,inding.这种用关爱换取信任同样相互关联，这与友情和爱完全不同。Fromitdevelopsaninterdependencethatisfarfromunwholesomerather,itreandpromoteshealing.这种造成的相互依赖远远不会对身心造成伤害，反而这会增强关爱，提高治愈率。Ourlatetwentiethcenturysophisticationandtechnologicorientationhavetootheminanisequallybpotentiatescaoftencostu文案大全实用标准swarmth,humor,andhumanity,leavingusinsocialisolation.20世纪晚期以复杂和技术为目的的医疗经常让我们失去了温暖、幽默以及仁慈，并让我们被社会所孤立。Wedofarbetterasprofessionalstoerronthesideofbeinghumanwithourpatientsthantotrytoplaydeusexmachina,thegodfromthemachine.作为专业人员，我们对待病人要人性化，这么做即使犯些小错也比扮演冷冰冰的解围之神要好。1.identicalto/with:与"一完全相同的例句：Hisappearancewasidenticaltohismother,Anyonecouldidentifythathewasherson.他的面容和母亲是同样的。任何人都可以识别他是她的儿子。2.1napositiontodo能够作某事例句：Thepeopleyou'reinapositiontodosomethingnicefor,evenifthey'vegotnoabilitytoreciprocate.你能做一些力所能及的事情的人，哪怕他们有没有能力来报答。3.acquiredskill习得的技能例句：Failingtorecognizethatspeakingisanacquiredskill没有认识到演讲是一个可以后天习得的技巧。4.happento发生于文案大全 实用标准例句：Yes,itcouldhappentoanyofus,butyesterdayithappenedtothem.是的，这可能发生在我们任何一个人身上，但是昨天却发生在他们身上了。第7期HESOCIALRESPONSIBILITIESANDHUMANISTICQUALITIESOF"THEGOODDOCTOR"“好医生”的社会责任和人道主义素质Thepatientsays,"Takecharge,makemewell,helpmefeelcomfortable,showmecompassion?listentomyproblemsandIwillgiveyoutrust."病患称：“负责任，治好病，舒适感，同情心，倾听我的诉求，我将信任你。”DagHammarskjoldremindsusof"thehumilitywhichcomesfromothershavingfaithinyou".哈马舍尔德提醒我们“要谦虚，谦虚来自于别人对你的信任”。Thenaturaloutcomeofthisgivingandreceivingoftrustisthatthephysicianmustacceptsomedegreeofobligationtothepatient.信任别人和得到信任的自然结果是医生必须要承担一些对病患的义务。Ofcourse,thepatient,ifable,keepssomeresponsibilityforthehealingprocess,butthephysicianmustbewillingtoanswerthepatient'sneeds,当然，如果病患可以的话，他们也需要在治疗过程中承担一些责任，但是医生必须愿意满足病患的需求。howeverdemanding,howeverchanging,howeverattimesunreasonableorfalselyperceived.尽管这样的要求过高，变动性较大，有时还会是不合理的，或是不正确的需求。Generalistsininternalmedicineundertakealong-termcommitmenttoapatient'scare.内科医生对病患所承担的责任需要持续很长一段时间。Theyareremindeddailythatthiscommitmentcontinuesbeyondaparticularlyinsightfuldiagnosisorthecompletionofanendoscopicprocedure；他们每天都会被提醒，这些责任超越了某一类高深的诊断，或是完成一次内镜检查；thatthepatientstillneedscarewhenthenumbersarebackfromthemostrecentcardiaccatheterization就是当病人完成最常见的心导管插手术，orwhenthefinalstitchiscompletedinacomplexprocedureandthepatientisrolledfromtheoperatingsuite.或是完成了复杂手术的最后一针，就算病人从手术室中推出来，他们仍需要呵护。Theinternistcontinuestocareforandnurturethepatientthroughthewholeprocessofhealinginawaythatrequiresenormousskillinclosepersonalinteraction.内科医生在全部治疗过程中都会继续对病患进行关爱和呵护，而这种关爱方式需要人际交流中的诸多技能。1.long-term长期的例句：Youshouldalsohavelong-termgoals,notonlyforyourbusinessbutforyourowncareer.同时，你也应该为你的职业生涯设定一个长期的目标，而不仅仅是为了眼前的工作。2.carefor关心例句：Lilyspentyearscaringforhersickuncle.莉莉照顾了她生病的叔叔好多年。3.endoscopicprocedure内镜检查文案大全 实用标准例句：Itisusuallydoneinthehospitaloranendoscopicprocedureroom.通常结肠镜检查是在医院或专门的内镜检查室内进行2.internalmedicine内科Medicine.例句：ThestudywaspublishedonMondayintheArchivesofInternal这项研究在星期一发表在内科医学档案上。HELPWITHFAMILYINTERACTIONS了解家庭关系Thewomanwhocomesintoherphysician'sofficewithahistoryoffatigue,listlessness,inabilitytosleep,andirritabilitymaybedescribingtheearlysymptomsofamorbiddisease.进入医生办公室的这位女性患者拥有疲劳史，精神萎靡，并患有失眠症和烦躁症，这位病患或许还会描述她疾病的早期症状。Shemay,however,beshowingsignsofdepressionsecondarytoherinabilitytocopeanylongerwithanalcoholichusband,或许，由于她无力应对酗酒的丈夫，withateenagesonaddictedtococaine,orwithanelderlymotherforwhomshemustcare.吸毒成瘾的孩子，以及她必须要照顾的老母亲而显出抑郁状态。Thewisephysicianconsidersorganicpathologybutalsorealizesthatpresentingsymptomsmaybeonlypartofwhatisreallytroublingthepatient.睿智的医生认为应该运用器官病理学的方法来治疗，但是医生又意识到目前所展现的症状或许仅仅是烦恼病患的一部分。Thisrequiresanunusualsensitivityandanabilitytopursueinacautious,understanding,andcarefulwayandtolistentotheconcernsandneedsthepatientdescribes--traits,again,thatcanandmustbedevelopedandpracticed.这就需要医生非常敏感并且能小心谨慎、善解人意、细致入微地去探寻并倾听病人的忧虑和需求，医生的这些能力能够且必须加以完善和实践。Thephysician'sroleistohelpthepatientunderstandtheconnectionsbetweenunpleasantsituations,emotionaldisturbances,andorganicsymptoms.医生的角色就是要帮助病患了解不良状况、情绪困扰以及身体症状之间的联系。Sometimespatientsarehelpedsimplybyunderstandingthoserelationshipsandbeingawarethatthedoctorappreciatesthemandreassures,listenswithasympatheticear,andseldomadvisesinadirectway,butdoesexpressconcern.有时候，帮助病人只需要让他们知道这三者之间的关系并意识到：医生了解他们，愿意安慰和倾听他们，很少直言相劝、却能表达关心之情。Inearlierdays,whenmostmedicalcarewasdeliveredathome,thephysicianwasquicklymadeawareoflivingsituationsandfamilyinteractions,ifheorshedidnotalreadyknowtheentirefamilyandtheircircumstances.早些时候，当时绝大多数医生都会在病人家中进行医护治疗，如果医生并没有完全了解病患的家庭和环境状况，那么医生也会很快察觉到病患的生活状况以及家庭关系。文案大全 实用标准Todaywhenthepatientcomestotheoffice,generallyaloneandcertainlyoutofsocioeconomiccontext,itismuchmoredifficulttoperceivewhatisgoingon.如今，病患来到医生的办公室，通常病患会独自一人来，完全无法得知病患的社会经济背景，医生就很难做出正确的判断。Thephysicianmustexerciseamuchgreaterdegreeofskillandunderstandinginexploringfamilyinterrelationshipsduringahistoryandphysicalexaminationorinanevenshortervisit.通过既往史，体检甚至是通过简短拜访的方式，医生必须要提高他们了解家庭关系的技能。1.addictedto上瘾例句：Hebecameaddictedtodrugs.他已吸毒成瘾。2.medicalcare医疗护理例句：Sofar,however,twopanelsofgovernmentexpertswhohavelookedattheissuehavenotfoundsignificantimpedimentstoresearchormedicalcarecausedbygenepatents.可是到目前为止，关注该案的两个政府专家小组还没有发现基因检测专利制度对医学研究和医疗护理方面明显的障碍。3.physicalexamination体检例句：Acarefulhistoryandphysicalexaminationwereobtained,buttherewasnoobviousreasonforthepatient'sproblem.也得到了一份详细的病史和身体检查，但是没有任何明显的证据表明病人患有该疾病。4.sympatheticear同情心例句：Womenneedasympatheticear.女士们需要一位具有同情心的听众。HELPWITHOBTAININGNECESSARYKDDITIONALPROFESSIONALSERVICES帮助病患获得必要的额外专业服务Thewarmandintimaterelationshipthatanypatientseeksisnotonethatatypicalpati文案大全实用标准文案大全实用标准entcanhavewithmanyphysiciansatthesametime.病患所需要的亲密关系并不是哪位病患能够在同一时间与多位医生所拥有的。Theinternistmustdemonstrateavarietyofskills,attitudes,andabilitiesandastoreofdiverseinformationthatallowshimorhertobethepatient'shealthcaremanageraswe文案大全实用标准llashisconfidant,keepinginmindthattheaveragepatientdoesnotunderstandthesystemofmedicalreferralsforsubspecialtyconsultation内科医生必须具有各种技能、观点、能力和丰富的信息。这会让他们既成为病人健康的管理者也成为患者的知心人。他们还要时刻牢记，普通病人对分科就诊和转诊这套制度并不了解。Anoncologist/internistrecentlydescribedformehowsheweavesthefabricofhealthcaremanagementforapatientwhohasbeenreferredwithapositivebiopsyforamalignantdisease.一位肿瘤医师/内科医生最近对我说她是如何为病患建立医疗管理的，这名病患因恶性病接受了活性切片检查。Inthissituationtheoncologisthastoviewherselfasthecaptainofarathercomplicatedship.在这种情况下，肿瘤医师不得不将自己看成是一艘大船船长。文案大全 实用标准Shehastotalkwiththereferringphysician,obtainthebiopsyslides,havethemre-readbyherownconsultingpathologist,andreviewthemherself.她需要与转诊医师进行沟通，获取切片，请病理学家再次分析，之后自己审查。Shethenhastoreviewthechartandtheradiographswithaconsultingradiologistanddecide,givenallthedata,howbesttoinstitutetherapy.之后，她需要与放射学家就X光和图表进行分析，并根据所有数据制定治疗方案。Thismayrequireinteractionwiththesurgeon,withtheradiationoncologist,andwithadditionalspecialistswiththeskillsforexploration,includingvarioustechniquesforinterventionalradiologyorendoscopy.这或许会需要与外科医生、放射性肿瘤学家、以及掌握介入性放射学或是内窥镜检查技术的专家进行沟通。1.avarietyof各种各样的例句：Thedepartmentstorecarriesavarietyofleathershoes.这家百货商店经售各种皮鞋。2.keepinmind记住例句：Keepinmindthatweareusingthedefaultpackageandfoldersinourexampleforillustrationpurposes.请记住出于演示的目的，在我们的示例中，我们使用的是缺省包和文件夹。3.intimaterelationship亲密关系例句：Godwantsustoknowhim;buthewantsanintimaterelationshipwithus,notjustasurfaceone.上帝希望我们来感知他的存在；但是他希望我们之间是一个亲密的关系，而不仅仅是一个表面上的。4.aswellas和■样例句：Shecanplaytennisaswellasbasketball.她也会打篮球，也会打网球。第10期Havingdecidedonthecoursetotake,shethenhastobecomethepatient'sadvocateandinteractwiththesurgeon,theradiationoncologist,orotherconsultantsonthepatient'sbehalfandwiththepatient'sbestinterestsinmind.决定好治疗方法之后，医生不得不化身为患者的支持者，并与外科医生、放射肿瘤学家，或者是其他能够代表病患和把病患的利益放在心中的顾问进行交谈。Itisthennecessarytospendtimewiththepatienttoexplainthediseaseandwhatistobeexpectedandwiththefamilytoanswertheirquestionsandasmuchaspossibletoenlistthemasalliesforthehardtimestocome之后，医生要对患者解释病情，对手术的期望，回答家属的问题，并尽自己的最大可能将家属变成自己的同盟，一同度过难关，这些都是非常有必要的。Further,shehastocommitherselftothelong-termcounseling,reassurance,andconstantcaringneededbyapatientwithachronicandpossiblyfataldisease.此外，对于身患慢性病甚至是致命疾病的病患来说，她还要投身到对他们的关心、安慰当中来。文案大全 实用标准Thisphysician'sroleismuchdifferentfromthatofaphysician-technicianwhoperformsaprocedureandthensendsthepatientbacktothedoctorwhowillcareforthelong-termneeds.对于技师来说，医生与其截然不同，技师只是完成流程，之后将病人送到那些关心病患需求的医生手里。Whiletechnicians'rolesinthisprocessareoftencrucial,theirinteractionswiththepatientarebrief.而在此流程中，技师所扮演的角色通常也是非常重要的，他们与病患的沟通是简短的Thehealthcaremanager,inthiscasetheoncologist,knitsthetechnicalinformationTogetherandconferswithherpatientaboutthebestwaytoproceed.在这里作为肿瘤学家的健康管理者需要将技术信息整合，并将最佳的治疗方案告诉病患。Thephysicianwhotakesresponsibilityforasrelatedtothediseaseistheonewhothepatientneedsaveryspecial,trusting医生全权负责照料病人、满足他们与疾病相关的各种需求;相互信任的关系。1.interactionswith交流例句：Notjustinthecontractbutinmy不仅仅局限于合同，而是我与他们的相互交流。2.differentfrom与…不同thetotaloversightofthepatient'sneedsreallymustcaptaintheshipandwithwhomrelationship.医生负责掌控全局，病人也需要与其保持一种十分特殊而又interactionswiththem.例句：Nowitisdifferentfromthepast.现在和过去不同了。3.necessaryto必要的例句：Idon'tthinkitnecessarytorakeuptheiroldquarrels.我认为没有必要再提他们过去吵架的事。4.committo致力于例句：Othersocialpeoplewhohaveundergraduateoraboveexperienceandwanttocommitoneselftointernationallegalaffairslater.本科或本科以上学历，致力于从事国际化法律事务的其他社会人员。第11期:HELPWITHSUFFERING帮助遭受病痛的患者Mostchronicdiseasesinvolvephysical,mental,andemotionalsufferingtosomedegreeduringtheircourses.在患病过程中，绝大多数慢性病都会对病患的身心造成一定的痛苦。Someoatientsdobeautifullybecauseoftheirownintrinsicpersonalities,strongwills,ordeepconvictions.许多病患的性格坚毅，内心坚强，对战胜疾病有着坚定的信心，所以他们能够获胜。Othershavegreatdifficultyandsometimeseventhetoughestbreakundertheseveresufferingofachronicillness.而还有一些病患会遭遇到困难，有时甚至会在极端痛苦的情况下败下阵来。Physiciansmustdevelopskillsofinterpersonalrelationshipbasedonfamiliaritywithallsidesoflifeandespeciallywithsuffering.基于对生活各个方面的了解，特别是对处理病痛的了解，医生必须提高与病患交往的技能。Theyneedtoparticipateinsuffering.他们需要亲身参与到病患的痛苦之中。Theyneedtobeabletorelateittoabroadrangeofexperiencesothattheycandealwithanenormousvarietyofpatientsatmanydifferentstagesofcopingwiththeirsuffering.文案大全 实用标准他们需要对病患的痛苦有着更加广泛的理解，这样在不同阶段处理病患痛苦时，他们就能够应对各种各样的病人。Studentssometimesgetaglimpseofthisindealingwithpatientsoninpatientservices,butmostofteninoutpatientclinicswheretheytreatchronicdiseasesthatcontinueunabatedformanyyears.在应对住院病人时，学生有时也会面对这样的状况，但是那些接收慢性病患者的急诊室学生多年来依旧如此。Oftenthephysicianhaslittlespecifictherapytoofferexceptakindtouch,agentlepresence,andaknowingacknowledgement.除了送上亲切的问候，无微不至的探望外，通常情况下医生并没有具体的治疗方法。Studentsofmedicinelearnthroughexperiencewithpatientsastheirowninvolvementinthepracticeofmedicinegrowsthroughtheyears.医学专业学生通过实践来增长知识，同时在这几年当中，他们的亲身经历也将让他们的行医技术有所提高。Thebestphysiciansarealwayslearning,becauseeachpatientteachessomethingnewaboutthewayinwhichaparticularkindofsufferingmustbeconsideredandameliorated.杰出的医生总是在不断的学习之中，因为医生能够从每名患者身上学习到新东西，那就是病患的痛苦需要得到关怀和改善。Inthelasttwodecades,patientsupportgroupshavebecomemorenumerousandmorewidelysoughtbypatients.在过去20年里，病患对这些组织表示了支持，这些组织在数量上也不断增加，越来越多的病患也在广泛寻求着组织的帮助。Manyarenowassociatedwithmajormedicalcenters.如今，许多组织已经与一些主要医疗中心相结合。Thesegroupsplayavitallyimportantroleinallowingpatientstoexpresstheirconcernsandfearsandtohearotherpatientsinsimilarsituationssharetheirconcernsandfrustrations.病患能够讲述自己的担心，忧虑，病患之间能够分享自己相同的痛苦，而这些组织在整个过程中占据着重要地位。Asimportantastheseare,asconstructiveastheyare?andasmeaningfulastheyhavebecomeintheoverallcareofpatients,physiciansstillmustunderstandthecircumstancesandthedegreeofsufferingofeachpatient.尽管这样的活动对患者的综合治疗很重要、很有建设性、很有意义，但医生仍需要了解每个患者所处的环境和病痛的程度。Eachone'sneedsareunique.每名患者的需求是不同的。Merelysharingthemdoesnotmakethemgoaway,andmerelyknowingthatsomeoneelsealsocarriesburdensdoesnotsolvetheproblem.而仅仅是分享忧虑并不能驱走病痛，仅仅对同样受此痛苦的人有所了解并不能解决问题。Thephysicianmustbeinteractiveandsupportive,evenwhenthewaystochangethephysicalsituationmaybesadlylimited.即使这对于改变病情本身的影响不大，但是医生也必须要与病患进行互动，给予他们支持。1.carryburden承受负担例句：Itwassimplytooheavyandtoopainfultocarrytheburdenofhatingmillionsofpeople.仇恨数百万人是一种太过沉重、太过痛苦的负担。2.strongwill坚强的意志文案大全 实用标准例句：Shehadastrongwillandpowerofrapiddecision.她具有坚强的意志和速决的才能。3.basedon基于例句：Theplanofourcountryisbasedonarisingeconomy.我国的计划建立在不断发展的经济的基础上。4.interpersonalrelationship人际关系例句：Butfairlyquickly,theinterpersonalrelationshipbecomesmoreintimateandfromthatmomentthetwopotentialloversmaybedefinedasa'cybercouple'.但很快地，这种人际关系会变得更为密切，从那一刻起，这两位潜在的情侣就可能被定义为“网络夫妇”。第12期HELPINGWITHAGING帮助老年人Thepastseveraldecadeshaveseenaremarkableincreaseintheproportionofthepopulationover65,over75,andevenover85yearsofage,thelastbeingthefastest-growingofallagegroups.在过去几十年间，65岁，75岁，甚至是85岁以上的老年人口比例明显增加，而85岁以上人口的增长速度最快。Theseproportionswillcontinuetoincreasesignificantly.而这一比例仍将会大幅度增长。Alreadytheaverageageofthepracticepopulationintheofficesofmanygeneralinternistsexceeds70years.对于许多内科医生来说，病患的平均年龄也已经超过了70岁。Thisdemographicshifthasbeenaccompaniedbyincreasingawarenessofthegeneralfieldofgeriatricmedicineandexpandingknowledgeofthebiologicprocessesinvolvedinaging.随着人口结构发生改变，老年医学知识得到普及，衰老的生物学进程被逐步认识。Projectedpopulationtrendsindicatethateverygeneralinternistmustbecomeexperiencedintheneedsofthegeriatricpopulationastheagingprocessinvolvesessentiallyeveryorgansystem.预计的人口趋势表明，每名内科医生都必须在治疗老年患者上有足够经验，器官系统也将随之发生老龄化过程。However,thereareatwhichessentiallyeveryleasttwo,thenervoussystemandthemusculoskeletalsystem,withpersonreachingtheseventh,eighth,andninthdecadesoflifewillexperiencetroubletoanincreasingdegree.但是，神经系统和肌肉骨系统,至少这两个系统会让每名70,80以及90岁的老人承受因老年化所带来的痛苦。文案大全实用标准文案大全实用标准Memorylossofsomedegreeisessentiallyuniversalintheelderly,althoughitclearlyismorepronouncedinsomethanothersandmayormaynotbeassociatedwiththetrueclinicalsyndromeofAlzheimer'sdisease.从某种程度上来说，失忆症会普遍发生在老年人身上，尽管有些人的症状更为明显，失忆症与老性痴呆的真正临床表现或许有关，也或许无关。Memorylossaffectstheindividual'sself-perception,abilitytointeractwithfriendsandfamily,andabilitytoaccommodatetothepressuresofourchangingworld.失忆症对个人的自我认知，家人朋友的沟通能力，以及因变化所产生的压力适应程度都构成了影响。Itcanputbarriersbetweentheindividualandthoseheorshemostneeds.这种病症会让病患的迫切需求和自身产生分歧。Thisistrueevenfortheveryluckyindividualwhoisabletomaintainworkactivities,friends,andfamilyasheorshedidinhisprime.而这对于那些能够像在盛年时期那样维持工作，与家人和朋友进行往来的幸运病患来说，这也一样会发生在他们身上。Thesamesituationdevelopswithosteoarthritis,asgaitproblems,musclefatigue,andweaknessbecomemoreprevalentwithadvancing文案大全 实用标准age.失忆症会发展成骨关节炎，步伐问题，肌肉疲劳以及虚弱，这些在老年人中更加普遍。Theseeffectivelylimittheindividual'sabilitytogetawayfromhomeandsustainanormallyactivelifestyle.这些将限制病患外出，维持积极的生活态度。Physicaldifficultiessimplyprohibithimorherfromdoingthethingsheorshelikestodo.身体上的障碍仅仅会阻碍病患去做他们喜欢做的事情。Muchofthefocusofthegeneralinternist,therefore,istokeeptheelderlyindividualasphysicallyandmentallyactiveandaspersonallyandemotionallyinteractivewithothersaspossible.所以，内科医生的重中之重就是要让老年病患在身体和心理上保持活跃，让他们尽可能的与他人进行情感上的沟通。1.nervoussystem神经系统例句：Theynowalmostinvariablystudythenervoussysteminrelationshiptooneoranotherbehavior.人们现在研究神经系统一定会考虑与这种或那种行为的关系。2.prohibithim禁止例句：BushhopestogotoAlaskatostartanewlifeontheroad,BushletPhilipprohibithimfromthemothertodolistandisreadytolethimtryonebyone.布什希望到阿拉斯加去开始新的生活，路上，布什让菲利普把母亲禁止他做的事一一列出并准备让他逐个尝试。3.musculoskeletalsystem肌肉骨系统例句：VitaminDstrengthenstheboneandmusculoskeletalsystem.维生素D可增强骨骼和肌肉骨骼系统。4.interactivewith互动例句：InthewaymaybenotsomuchinChina.Theyhavetobeveryinteractivewiththeirprofessors.可能和中国的情况不太一样，他们必须和他们的导师进行互动，要有自己的想法。第13期Loneliness,despair,chronicillness,anddepressionareallprevalentinthegeriatricpopulation.在老年群体中，孤独、绝望、慢性病以及抑郁症非常常见。Oureffortmustbetotreatindividualsymptomsandorgansystemfailureastheyappear,butmostimportant,tohelpagingindividualsdevelopanoveralllifestylethatgivesthemasenseofwell-being,ofbeinguseful,ofbeingappreciated,andofhavingmeaningintheirlives.当个体出现症状，或是器官系统衰竭时，我们必须采取措施，但是最重要的是让老年人得到幸福感，让他们感觉自己还有用武之地，能够得到人们的肯定，让他们的生活更有意义。Theinternistmustdevoteincreasingtimeandefforttoagingpatientsandmustbeparticularlysensitivetosubtlechangesintheirenvironments,内科医生要增加他们对待老年病患的时间和精力，并对周围环境中的细微变化特别敏感，includingthelossofalovedone,shrinkingincomerelativetocostofliving,dislocationfromtheirhomes,andthedespairthatcomesfrombeingunabletoadjusttonewsurroundingssuchasaretirementcenterornursinghome.包括失去至亲的痛苦，生活收入减少，远走他乡，以及因无法适应新环境而带来的绝望感，例如在退休疗养中心或是养老院。Eachoftheseprofoundlyaffectsthewayapatientreactstophysicaldiseases.这些都将对病人对抗疾病造成深远的影响。Theresponsibilityoftheinternistextendsbeyondtheusualinthissituationandrequiresaveryspecialintegrationofmedicalknowledgeandknowledgeofhowpeopleadjusttotheirchangingneeds.内科医生的责任范围超过了他通常遇到的情况，这就需要他们将医疗知识与如何让病人适应需求的认识结合起来。HELPWITHDYING帮助临终患者Rarelydoesanindividualreallywishtodie,butwhenthetimedoescomepatientswanttodiewithdignity.很少有人想要终结生命，但是当这一天来临的时候，病人希望能够有尊严的死去。文案大全 实用标准Whatmostofusdesireaboveallisnotjustlife,butasatisfactoryqualityoflife,andwemaysometimesquiterationallyriskdeathtoescapeanunacceptablelife.最重要的是，绝大多数人不仅仅需要生活，他们需要的是一个令他们满意的生活质量，但是有时，我们会为了逃避那不可接受的生活而走向死亡。Issuessurroundingdyingpatientsandeventherealisticdefinitionofdeatharetopicsfrequentlyencounteredbytoday'sinternist.如今，围绕着临终病患，甚至是关于死亡的真正定义等问题一直围绕着内科医生。Itisanoften,ifsometimesfaintly,praisedtriumphformodernmedicinethatwenowhavethetechnologicskillsandinstrumentationtokeepessentialbodyfunctionssuchascirculationandrespirationoperatingalmostindefinitely.我们现在已经拥有这样的技术和设备来维持重要的机体功能如循环、呼吸，使它们几乎无限期地运转，这一点是人们经常称颂的现代医学成就。Theabilitytocontinuethesefunctionsregardlessoftheexpectedoutcomeforthepatienthasproducedconsiderableethicalconflictformanywhodealwithpatientsincriticallifesupportareasandintensivecareunits.无论这样做会给病患带来什么样的后果，对于那些工作在重症监护室治疗病患的医生来说，继续维持机体功能引发了诸多道德冲突。1.regardlessof不管例句：Thefieldsgivehighandstableyieldsregardlessofclimaticcircumstances.不管天气条件如何，这块地总是保持稳产高产。2.wishto希望做例句：Takeanyofthethingsyouwishtodo(Itdoesn'tmatterwhichone.),anddoit,andonlyit.在你想要做的事情中任选一件(任一件都可以)，只做这一件，把它做完。3.reactto作出反应例句：Hereactedwelltopenicillin.他对青霉素的反应良好。4.sensitiveto对"一敏感例句：Ifyouaresensitivetocaffeine,avoiditintheafternoonandevening.如果你对咖啡因敏感的话，在中午和晚上就避免饮用。第14期:Youngpeopleinmedicaltrainingmustmakeanefforttobecome"comfortable"withtheprocessandtheeventofdying.医学培训期间，年轻医生要能够对整个过程以及临终病人坦然面对。Theproblemsofwhentowithdrawlifesupportmechanismsortowithholdresuscitationmaypresentdeepemotionalconflictsformedicalstudentsaswellasformanyveryexperiencedphysicians.不管是对医学学生还是对资深医生，何时停掉生命维持器，或是何时停止抢救病患都会带来情感冲突。Althoughmedicalethicstouchesalmosteveryaspectofhealthandthepracticeofmedicine,theparticularproblemsrelatedtodyingpatients,stemminginpartfromlegalconsiderationsandfromhighlypublicizedspecialcases,putthephysicianinanespeciallydifficultposition尽管医学道德问题几乎牵扯到医疗以及治病救人的方方面面，然而这种特殊问题却让医生处在非常被动的位置上，部分是来自法律方面的考虑，而部分原因是它是公众高度关注的问题。ofOnlyrecentlyhaveobjectiveconclusionsbeguntoemergefromclinicalinvestigationoutcomesfromintensivecareunits.直到最近，我们才从重症监护室的临床研究中得到了客观结论。Althoughstrikingsuccessesdooccur,thesurvivalratewithahighqualityoflifeupondischargefromintensivecareunitsislessthanonewouldhope.文案大全 实用标准尽管我们取得过胜利，但是在病患本身条件良好的基础上，重症监护室的病患存活率要比人们所期望的低。Therefore,thephysicianfrequentlymayberequiredtomakedifficultdecisionsfororwiththepatientandhisorherfamily.以至于医生要被频繁要求与病患，或是病患家属作出艰难抉择。Ultimately,societyatlargewillhavetomakepolicyregardingthosedecisions,usinginformationbasedoncarefulclinicalstudiesandanalysesofthecostsofsustaininglifeintrulyhopelesssituations.所以，社会需要就这些决策制定政策，并以细致的临床研究，对费用分析的基础之上利用这些信息，前提是这些费用是在无希望治愈，为了维持生命的情况下而产生的费用。Butthatpolicyhasnotyetbeenestablished但是社会并没有制定这样的政策。Inthisareatheskilledinternistplaysauniquelypersonalroleinpreparingpatientsforterminalsituations,becomingtheirteacherandconfidantastheycometounderstandthediseaseprocessandwhattoexpect.在这方面，资深的内科医生在帮助病患为临终做准备时扮演了非常特殊的个人角色，在让病患了解疾病过程以及期望时，他们变成了病患的老师和知己。Thephysicianisalsocalledupontohelpthepatient'slovedonespreparefortheoutcome医生还要帮助病患的至亲做好准备。Everypatientmustbeconsideredindividually,keepinginmindpreviouslyexpressedwishes,thenatureoftheterminalillness,thelikelihoodofrecoverywithanacceptablequalityoflife,andfamilywishesandinteractions.每一名病患情况都必须进行考虑，把对之前的期许，疾病晚期的特征，治愈的可能性以及家属的希望和谈话牢记在心。Althoughthesefactorsaredifficulttoweighinthecareofdyingpatients,objectiveevaluationandanunswervingconcernforthepatientwillleadthephysiciantothebestcourseofaction.尽管，在治疗临终病患时这些因素很难权衡，但是对病患作出客观评估，对病患无微不至的关怀都将让医生采取最佳的诊疗方法。1.objectiveevaluation客观评价例句：OneoftheimportantfeaturesofCCTprogramsisthatmanyhaveadvancedmonitoringcomponentsthatallowanobjectiveevaluationoftheirresults.有条件现金资助项目的显著特点之一是，很多项目都设有现金的监测子项目，这便于对项目成果进行客观评价。2.comfortablewith舒适例句：Ifeelverycomfortablewiththefamiliarquietofthevillagers.我觉得非常舒适与熟悉的安静的村民。3.makedecision作决定例句：Isee.Iwoulddiscussitwithmyfamilyandmakedecisionassoonaspossible.我明白了。我要和家人商量一下然后尽快做出决定。4.emotionalconflict情感冲突例句：Strongspiritualimpactontheintenseemotionalconflict,leadingthemtoproduceartontheevolutionoftheconcept,butalsosothattheyreleaseatremendousartisticpassion.强烈的心灵震荡，激烈的情感冲突，在导致他们在艺术观念上产生婚变的同时，也使他们释放出了巨大的艺术激情。第15期:Whileaninternistmaybedefinedasonetrainedintheprinciplesandpracticeofmedicine,内科医生可以被定义为既有理论，又有实践，afullerdescriptionemphasizeshispossessionofuncommonknowledgeofbiologicsciencerangingfrommoleculareventstowholeorgansystemphysiology,内科医生侧重的是对从分子到所有身体器官机能等生物科学知识的掌握，文案大全 实用标准aspecialappreciationforhumanlifeandtheneedsofsufferingpeople,他们需要对生命怀着特殊的感激之情，并对病患的需求给与关注，andacomprehensiveperspectiveonmodemsociety,itsinfluenceonourlivesanditsstressesonoursocialstructure.现代社会对生命所产生的影响，以及它对社会结构的重要性，内科医生要对这些有着全方面的了解。Althoughthischapterhasemphasizedpatient/physicianinteraction,wemustrecognizethatbasicbiomedicalscienceprovidestheinfrastructureforourprofession.尽管这一章节我们强调的是医患关系，但是我们必须要认识到的是，基础生物科学是医学的基本。Wemustfirstandforemostmasterourscienceifwearetobegoodphysicians.要想成为一名优秀的医生，我们首先要对科学有着深入的了解。Wemustknowwhatisbesttooffertocorrectthedisease；thenweweavethefabricofthephysician'ssocialandethicalresponsibilitiesintothecontextofcurrentmedicalcareorganization.我们首先要清楚治疗疾病的最佳方法，然后我们才能将医生的社会和道德责任纳入到当今医疗组织当中。Fewphysiciansfunctionwellmerelyasknowledgeablescientistsortalentedtechnicians,butnonefunctionswellsimplyasacrutchonwhichthepatientcanlean.如果仅仅是医术精湛，或是天赋异禀，那么很少有人会成为成功的医生，但是如果只是病患能够依靠的臂膀，那么没有人会成为合格的医生。Thegoodphysician,theonepatientsseekmustcombineworkingscientifictechniqueswithcompassionandsocialresponsibility.那么，病患所寻找的好医生必须将精湛的医术，社会责任以及热情结合在一起。1.combinewith与"一结合例句：Wemustcombinerevolutionaryvigorwithscientificapproach.我们必须把革命精神和科学态度结合起来.2.socialresponsibility社会责任例句：Wespeakconstantlyofthesocialresponsibilityofbusiness.我们经常谈论企业的社会责任.3.firetandforemost第一例句：Itisfirstandforemostatradeagreement.这首先是一个贸易协议。4.possessionof拥有例句：ThosedocumentsarenowinthepossessionoftheGuardian.那些文件目前在《卫报》手里。第16期:TheprocessofmedicaleducationandsurgicaltrainingintheUnitedStatesisoverseenbyaninterconnectedgroupoforganizations.在美国，医疗教育和手术训练均由互相关联的各家机构监督。Eachoftheseorganizationshasaspecificfocus；however,theircommonthemeiscontinuousprocessimprovementencouragedbyintermittentexternalreview.每家机构的监管重点不同，然而它们的共同目标都是希望通过不间断的外部审查来提高水平。Theirultimategoalistoprovideaconsistent,qualified,andprofessionalworkforceformedicalcareintheUnitedStates.文案大全 实用标准而它们的终极目标就是要为美国医疗行业提供合格、专业的医疗人员。MEDICALSTUDENTEDUCATION医疗专业教育TheLiaisonCommitteeonMedicalEducation(LCME)providesaccreditationformedicalschoolsintheUnitedStatesandCanada.医学教育联络委员会为美国、加拿大的医疗学校提供鉴定。Accreditationistheprocessofqualityassuranceinpostsecondaryeducationthatassesseswhetheraninstitutionmeetsestablishedstandards.鉴定是对高等学院教育的一种质量保障，对学院是否达到现有标准进行评估。AccreditationbytheLCMEiseffectivelynecessaryforschoolstofunctionintheUnitedStates.对于美国医学院来说，医学教育联络委员会的鉴定尤为必要。Withoutaccreditation,theschoolscannotreceivefederalgrantsformedicaleducationorparticipateinfederalloanprograms.没有此项鉴定，学校就无法获得医疗教育的联邦补助金，或是参与联邦政府的贷款计划。GraduationfromanLCME-accreditedschoolenablesstudentstositformedicallicensingexaminations(theUSMLE)andtoachievelicensureinmostUSstates.对于那些从委员会认定的医学院毕业的学生，他们将能够参加美国执业医师执照考试，并获得绝大多数大州的许可证。GraduationfromanLCME-accreditedmedicalschoolisalsonecessaryforacceptanceintoanAccreditationCouncilforGraduateMedicalEducation(ACGME)-accreditedresidencyprogramforgraduatesofUSmedicalschools.如果想进入毕业后医学教育认证委员会的毕业生实习项目，那么从这些认证学校毕业是非常必要的。TheauthorityfortheLCMEtoprovidethisaccreditationisdelegatedbytheUSDepartmentofEducationintheUnitedStatesandtheCommitteeonAccreditationofCanadianMedicalSchools(CACMS)inCanada.在美国，美国教育部委托医学教育联络委员会进行鉴定，在加拿大，该机构为加拿大医学院校认证委员会。Eachaccreditedmedicalschoolisreviewedannuallyforappropriatenessofitsfunction,structure,andperformance.每年，委员会都会对每所认证学校的功能、系统以及表现进行审核。Formalsitevisitsareconductedperiodicallywithmorein-depthreviewandreaccreditationatthattime.委员会对学校进行周期性的实地考察，同时进行深度考察以及再认证。Theusualperiodoffullaccreditationis8years.完全认证时间为8年。Atthetimeofthisin-depthaccreditationvisit,andintheintervalsbetween,theLCMEworkstodisseminatebestpracticesandapprovetheoverallqualityofeducationleadingtotheMDdegree.在深度审查，以及在间隔期期间，医学教育联络委员会会对最佳的医学实践进行普及，并对医学博士教育进行认可。1.medicalcare医疗例句：Medicalcareisstillfreeatthepointofuse.医疗在实际提供点仍然是免费的。2.ultimategoal终极目标例句：Whatwashisultimategoal?他的最终目标是什么？3.federalgrant联邦补助金例句：A21.5millionfederalgranttopiggybackcityandstatesubsidies.将会带来城市和国家资助金的两千一百五十万联邦贷款.4.medicalschool医学院例句：Ifparentswantedtoentrusttheirchildtothebestsurgeons,theytraveledtoBologna'smedicalschool.文案大全 实用标准如果父母们想给孩子看最好的外科医生，他们会前往博洛尼亚的医学院。第17期：GRADUATEMEDICALEDUCATION毕业后医学教育TheACGMEisresponsiblefortheaccreditationofpost-MDmedicaltrainingprogramswithintheUnitedStates.美国毕业后医学教育认证委员会负责的是毕业培训认证。Accreditationisaccomplishedthroughapeerreviewprocessbasedonestablishedstandardsandguidelines.根据现有的指导原则，认证会以“同行审议”的方式进行。ThememberorganizationsoftheACGMEasanaccreditinggrouparetheAmericanBoardofMedicalSpecialties(ABMS),theAmericanHospitalAssociation(AHA),theAmericanMedicalAssociation(AMA),theAssociationofAmericanMedicalColleges(AAMC),andtheCouncilofMedicalSpecialtySocieties.毕业后医学教育认证委员会中的成员组织将进行认证，包括美国医学专业委员会、美国医院协会、美国医疗协会、美国医学院协会以及医学专家理事会。TheACGMEoverseesavarietyofgraduatemedicaleducationprogramsinspecificspecialties.毕业后医学教育认证委员会对具体的医学专业培训进行监督。TheseACGME-accreditedresidencyprogramsmustadheretotheACGMEcommonprogramrequirementsthatapplytoallresidenciesaswellasspecificprogramrequirementsthatapplytoeachtrainingprogram.美国毕业后医学教育认证委员会认可的住院医师培训项目必须遵循该认证委员会的常规培训要求，这些要求适用于所有住院医师，以及所有培训项目的具体要求。ThehospitalsthathousethetrainingprogramsmustalsomeetinstitutionalrequirementssetbytheACGME.提供这些培训项目的医院还必须要满足毕业后医学教育认证委员会规定的相关条件。TheACGMEhasidentified6generalcompetencyareasthatmustbeaddressedduringeverygraduateresidencytrainingprogram.毕业后医学教育认证委员明确了住院医师培训期间所要达到的6项能力。Thespecificapplicationofthesecompetencyareasvarieswidelyamongtrainingprograms.就各个医师培训项目，对这些能力的应用各有不同。However,eachrotationofeachresidencymustincludeattentiontoandassessmentofprogressinfulfillingthegeneralcompetencyrequirements.然而，每一轮住院实习都必须注重培养综合能力和评估综合能力水平。Thereviewandaccreditationofspecialtyresidencyprogramsisundertakenbyacommitteespecificforthatfield.各个专业的住院项目需要通过专门的委员会进行审查和验证。Insurgery,thegroupistheResidencyReviewCommitteeforSurgery(RRC-S).在外科，该组织为外科住院医师评审委员会TheRRC-Sassessesprogramcompliancewithaccreditationstandardsatboththecommonprogramrequirementsandtheprogram-specificlevels.外科住院医师评审委员会对项目进行评估，这些项目既要遵循一般项目的认证要求，同时也要遵循具体项目的认证水平。Programsaretypicallyfullyaccreditedona5-yearcycle,withannualupdatesandquestionnairesintheinterim.通常情况下，认证期限为五年，并进行年检，间歇期进行问卷调查。Earlysitevisitscanbetriggeredbyavarietyofevents,includingsignificantchangesintheprogramoritsleadership.早期的实地考察会进行一系列变动，包括项目或领导人的重大变更。TheResidencyReviewCommitteesalsocontrolthenumberofpositionsthateachprogramisaccreditedtohave.文案大全 实用标准住院医师评审委员会还掌控着每个项目所拥有的认证职位人数。Thiseffectivelysetsthemaximumnumberofgraduatesthatcanfinishfromagiventrainingprograminanygivenyear.这有效地限定了每年能够完成项目的最大医生人数。1.avarietyof多种多样例句:WestHampsteadhasavarietyofgoodshopsandsupermarkets.西汉普斯特德有各种各样不错的店铺和超级市场。2.applyto适用例句:Theconventiondoesnotapplytous.这条惯例对我们不适用。3.responsiblefor为"一负责例句:ThemanresponsibleforfindingthevolunteersisDr.CharlesWeber.负责寻找志愿者的人是查尔斯・韦伯博士。4.baseon以为基础例句:Wemustbaseourselvesontheinterestsofthepeople.我们一定要从人民的利益出发。第18期:AMERICANBOARDOFSURGERY美国外科委员会TheAmericanBoardofSurgery(ABS)isanindependent,nonprofitorganizationwiththepurposeofcertifyingindividualsurgeonswhohavemetdefinedstandardsofeducation,training,andknowledge.美国外科委员会是一个独立的、非盈利性质的组织，专门为达到既定教育、培训和知识水平的外科医生颁发证书。ThedistinctionbetweentheACGMEandtheABSisthattheACGMEaccreditstrainingprograms,whiletheABScertifiesindividuals.毕业后医学教育认证委员会与美国外科委员会的区别就在于，前者对培训项目进行鉴定，而后者为个人颁发证书。文案大全 实用标准Thisdistinctionissimilarforspecialtyboardsinotherdisciplinesaswell.对于其它专业委员来说也有类似分类。TheABSalsorecertifiespracticingsurgeonsandismakingafundamentalphilosophicalchangefromperiodicretestingforrecertificationtoamorecontinuousmaintenanceofcertification(MOC)plan.美国外科委员会还会重新认证执业外科医师，目前正处于一个根本性的、理念上的变革阶段一一从以往的定期再测试再认证过渡到可持续的认证维护。TheACGMEandthespecialtyboardsinteract.毕业后医学教育认证委员会与专业委员会相互作用。Thesuccessofindividualsinachievingboardcertificationisanimportantmeasureofgraduatemedicaleducationprogramsuccess,andthemeasuresrequiredforboardcertificationmustalsoreflecttheeducationthatisofferedtoindividualsthroughtheirgraduatemedicaleducation.个人成功获得委员会的资格认证标志着(美国)医学研究生教育课程的成功，委员会使用的认证标准必须符合医学研究生的课程要求。Thus,althoughtheseentitieshavedifferentpurposes,theymustmeshtheireffortsconstructively.所以，尽管它们的功能不同，但也需要互相协调。BoardcertificationwithinadefinedperiodaftercompletingresidencyisnecessaryforprivilegingtoperformsurgeryinmanyUShospitals.委员会颁发的证书特许住院医生在实习期结束后的指定时间内在全美多家医院执行手术Thus,themoststraightforwardrouteintograduationfromanLCME-accreditedmedicalresidencytrainingprogram,andsatisfactorynboards)andCertifyingExamination(oralsurgicalpracticeintheUnitedStatesincludesschool,completionofanACGME-accreditedcompletionoftheQualifyingExamination(writteboards)oftheABS.所以，成为一名美国外科医生最直接的方式包括：毕业于医学教育联络委员会验证的医学院，完成毕业后医学教育认证委员所认定的住院医生实习项目，优异成绩通过美国外科委员会的资格考试（笔头）和毕业考试（口头）。ThereareotherentrypointsintosurgicalpracticeintheUnitedStates,mostprominentlybyphysicianswhohavegraduatedfrommedicalschoolsincountriesoutsidetheUnitedStatesandCanada.还有一些其它途径，然而他们大部分是从美国和加拿大以外的学校毕业。ThesegraduatescanbecertifiedbytheEducationalCommissionforForeignMedicalGraduates（ECFMG）.这些毕业生可以通过外国医科毕业生教育委员会拿到认证资格。OnceagraduateiscertifiedbytheECFMG,heorsheiseligibletotraininanACGME-approvedresidencytrainingprogramandcanthusbeeligibleforboardcertification.一旦毕业生拿到认证资格，他或她就有了由外国医科毕业生教育委员会所认可的住院医生培训资格，也从而获得了委员会证书。1.nonprofitorganization非营禾机构例句：Theindustryandtradeassociationisakindofnonprofitorganization.行业协会是非营利组织的一种形态.2.meetstandard满足标准例句：HandlereturnlogisticsperformancetomeetstandardofPVM.处理成品反向运输达到公司业绩标准.3.makeachange进行改变例句：Whenyoufeelunhappywithsomethinginyourlife,makeachangetoeasethatunhappiness.当你对人生中的某些事情感到不高兴时，做出一些改变以释放那些烦恼。文案大全 实用标准1.residencytraining住院医师培训例句：Aresidencyisaperiodofhospitaltrainingformedicalschoolgraduates.一段实习期是指允许医学研究生在医院培训实习的时间.第19期:AMERICANCOLLEGEOFSURGEONS美国外科医师学会TheAmericanCollegeofSurgeons(ACS)isascientificandeducationalassociationofsurgeonswhosemissionistoimprovethequalityofcareforthesurgicalpatientbysettinghighstandardsforsurgicaleducationandpractice.美国外科医师学会是一所科学与教育学会，该学会的任务是通过制定较高的外科教育和实践标准来提高病人的护理治疗。ACSmembers,knownasfellows,areentitledtousethelettersFACSaftertheirname.美国外科医师学会成员，也被人们称之为“会员”有资格在他们的名字后面加上字母“FACSMembershipasafellowimpliesthatthesurgeonhasmetstandardsofeducation,training,professionalqualifications,surgicalcompetence,andethicalconduct.医师会员就意味着外科医师达到了教育、培训I、专业资格认证、外科手术能力以及道德行为准则标准。However,despitetheserequirements,theACSisavoluntaryprofessionalmembershipgroupanddoesnotcertifyindividualsforpractice.然而，尽管会员达到了以上要求，由于美国外科医师学会并非强制性会员组织，所以并不能为外科医生提供证明。TheACSsponsorsawidevarietyofeducationalandprofessionalsupportprogramsforbothpracticingsurgeonsandtrainees.不管是在外科领域还是在培训领域，美国外科医师学会都资助承办了一系列教育和专业扶助项目。Inaddition?itoffersmembershipforsurgeonsintraining(ResidentMembership)andstudents(MedicalStudentMembership)andforthosesurgeonswhohavecompletedtrainingbuthavenotyetmetalltherequirementsforfellowship(AssociateFellow).此外，学会还为参加外科医生的培训(实习会员)，医学院学生(学生会员)，以及那些完成培训，但是并为达到会员所有要求的外科医生(学术会员)提供会员资格。TheACSalsoengagesinimportantadvocacyrolesonbehalfofpatientsandthesurgeonmembers.学会还一直对病人和学会会员进行维护。COMMUNICATION交流Efficientandeffectivecommunicationskillsareacriticalresourceforallclinicians,includingsurgeons.对于包括外科医生在内的所有临床医生来说，有效的沟通技能是至关重要的。文案大全 实用标准Asurgeonmustbeabletoestablishrapportwiththepatientandfamilyquicklyandreliably.外科医生必须能够与病患和家属迅速构建可以互相依赖的关系。Mutualrespectiscriticaltoatherapeuticrelationship.互相尊重对于诊疗来说至关重要。Thepatientandfamilymustbeconfidentofthecompetenceofthesurgeoninordertoparticipateintherecommendedmanagementandrecovery.为了能够更好的参与到所推荐的管理和康复中来，病患以及家属必须对外科医生的能力有着足够的信任。Judgmentsaboutasurgeon'scompetencefrequentlyaremadewithinthefirstfewmomentsofinteractionbasedonthesurgeon'sabilitytocommunicate.在外科医生沟通能力的基础之上，通过起初的沟通，病患能够对外科医生的能力有着多次了解。Inadditiontocommunicatingwithpatients,cliniciansmustcommunicatewithreferringandcollaboratingphysiciansandalsowithintheirownhealthcareteams.除了与病患进行交流，临床医生还必须与专科医生，与其合作的内科医生，以及自己的保健团队进行沟通。1.basedon以…为依据例句：CanadianlibellawisbasedonEnglishcommonlaw.加拿大的诽谤法是以英国的习惯法为基础的。2.communicationskill沟通技能例句：Goodcommunicationskill,goodcommandofEnglishandcomputerskills.良好的沟通技巧及英语良好，熟悉电脑操作.3.entitledto有权例句：Thefansareentitledtotheiropinionbutbooingdoesn'thelpanyone.粉丝有权表达他们的观点，但起哄对任何人都没有好处.4.makejudgment做出判断例句：Youwillmakeawrongjudgmentifyoureasonfromfalsepremises.如果根据错误的前提进行推论你舍得出错误的判断第20期：COMMUNICATIOWITHPATIENTS与病患进行交流toseveralaspects.Communicationwithpatientsrequiresattention在与病患进行交流时，要注意以下几点。First,theclinicianmustdemonstraterespectforthe第一，临床医生必须要像尊重他人一样尊重病患。Second,theclinicianmustdisplayeffectivelisteningforthepatient'ssituationorconcerns.第二，医生需要聆听，并对病患的状况和顾虑表示同情。Finally,theclinicianmustbeclearinhisorher最后，医生的回答必须清楚明了。Ifanyoftheseitemsareneglected,theinteractionrwisecouldbe.如果我们忽视了三点中的任何一点，医患之间的沟通也将大打折扣。Manysurgeonstrytojumpstraighttoaveryclear,unlesspatientasaperson.tothepatient'smessageandempathyresponse.willbelesseffectivethanitotheconcisestatementoftheplan,but文案大全实用标准thefirstthreestepshaveoccurred,thepatientmaynotlistentotheplanatall.文案大全 实用标准许多外科医生试图直接向患者讲述清晰，明了的诊疗方案，除非我们完成了以上三点，否则病患有可能不会听取我们的方案。RESPECT尊重Itiscrucialtoshowrespectforthepatientandfamilyaspersons.尊重病患和家属至关重要。Thehealthcareenvironmentisofteninconvenientandencounteredduringatimeofstress.在重压之下，医疗环境通常会带来不便。Patientsareoutoftheirnormalvenueandcomfortzone.患者离开了他们熟悉的环境，感到不舒服。Theyareoftenfrightenedbytheprospectofwhattheymaylearn.通常，他们会对需要了解的东西产生恐惧。Showingrespectfortheiridentityhelpsputpatientsateaseandencouragestheirtrustingcommunicationwiththeclinician.尊重病患让病患放松，从而加强医患之间的信任沟通。Failingtoshowrespecthastheoppositeeffect.不尊重病患将带来相反效果。Forinstance,meetingadultsforthefirsttimeandaddressingthembytheirfirstnamemaypulsomepatientsonguardwithrespecttotheirpersonalindependenceandcontrol.例如，初次会见成年病人时如果直呼其名，会令一些病人产生戒备，感觉自主能力和自控能力收到威胁。Similarly,referringtothemotherofapediatricpatientas"Mormratherthanusinghernameimplieslackofattentiontoherasanindividual.同样，把儿科患者的母亲称之为“妈妈”，而不称呼其名表明了对个体的忽视。Oninitialmeetings,theclinicianshouldusethepatient'slastnameprecededbyanhonorifictitle(MrSmithorMsJones).初次见面时，在称呼病患名字时，医生需要在姓氏之前加上表示崇敬的头衔(史密斯先生或是琼斯女士)。IfuncertainwhetherawomanprefersMrsorMs,theclinicianshouldaskher.如果对“夫人”还是“女士”不确定，医生需要进行询问。IncontemporaryUSsociety,awomanover18yearsoldisneverreferredtoasMiss.在现代美国社会，年龄超过18岁的女性将不再称之为“小姐”。1.respectfor尊重例句：IhavetremendousrespectforDean.我非常敬重迪安。2.onguard警惕例句：IshouldcertainlybeonmyguardifIwereyou.我要是你肯定会保持警惕。3.withrespectto谈至U例句：Parentsoftenhavelittlechoicewithrespecttothewaytheirchildismedicallytreated.关于孩子的治疗方法，父母通常没有什么选择的余地。4.lastname姓例句：SorryImisspelledyourlastname文案大全 实用标准对不起，我把你的姓拼错了。第21期：Engaginginbriefsmalltalkregardingsomeaspectofapatient'slifeotherthanthemedicalmatterathandcanhelpputthepersonatease.避开疾病，谈一谈病人的生活片段有助于病人的放松。Itmustbeinterestingtobeadogtrainer.Whatisyourfavoritebreed?当驯狗师一定非常有趣。你最喜欢什么品种的狗？Theseeffortswillberewardedbyamoretrustingpatient,amoreefficientinterview,andabettertherapeuticrelationshipoverthelongterm.这些工作会让你的病患对你更加信任，交谈更加充实，长期的医患关系将会得到改善。LISTENING倾听Listeningtothepatientiscriticaltoestablishingacorrectdiagnosisandappropriatetherapeuticplanfortheindividual.为了制定正确的诊疗方案，倾听患者的心声至关重要。Allpatientshaveastorytotell,anditisimportanttoletthemdoso.所有病患都有故事要说，让他们讲出故事非常重要。Theyarelikelytorevealcriticalissuesregardingtheclinicalmatterastheytelltheirstory.在这期间，病患或许会说出一些与临床有关的重要问题。Patientsoftenneedtotelltheirstoryintheirownwords,withoutinterruption,sotheyFeelconfidenttheyhaveprovideddetailsthatmightbemissediftheinterviewislimitedtosimplyansweringtheclinician'squestions.患者经常需要不间断地用他们自己的语言讲述病情，以确保信息的完整性，如果对话仅为简单的问答形式，信息就很有可能被漏掉。Encouragingthemtodosoatthebeginningoftheinterviewrelievesthemofthisburdenofinformationandallowsthecliniciantomoveontointerpretation.在对话一开始，我们就应该鼓励病人用这种方式讲述病情，这样会减少他们的信息量，从而让医生进行进一步的说明。Listeningshouldbeanactive,engagedactivity.倾听应该是活跃的。Theclinicianshouldappearcomfortable,settled,andascloseaspossibletoeyeleveliththepatient.医生要不慌不乱，轻松自在，并尽可能与病患平视。Itisimportantnottoappearrushed,inattentive,orboredbythepatient'saccount.重要的是，医生不能显得手忙脚乱，注意力不集中，或是厌倦病人的讲话内容。Inteijectingquestionsforclarityorintermittent,briefverbalencouragementsreassuresthepatientthattheclinicianisengagedwiththeproblem.对模糊信息进行提问，或是不时进行口头鼓励都会打消病患的忧虑，因为医生正在解决这一问题。ItmaybehelpfulattheoutsetofthelisteningphasetoletthepatientknowwhatMaterialshavebeenreviewed.在倾听开始时，医生需要让病患知道他对病人的了解程度。Forexample,tellingthepatientthattheclinicianhasreviewedthereferralletterfromtheprimaryphysician,theresultsofthelasttwooperations,andhisherrecentlaboratoryWorkmayhelpthepatienttobemoreconciseinthediscussion.文案大全 实用标准例如，告诉病人医生已经看过了转诊信，上两次手术的结果，医生近期的实验工作会让病人的谈话变得更加言简意赅。EMPATHY同情Oncethepatienthasrecountedhisorherhistory,andtheotheraspectsofexaminationAnddatareviewhavebeencompleteditisimportanttoreviewthismaterialwiththepatientinawaythatdemonstratesempathywithhisorhersituation.当病人叙述完病史，并且各项检查都结束之后，医生应该和病人一起回顾检查结果，并对病情表现出适当的同情。Asurgeon'sunderstandingoftheproblemisimportantforthepatient,buttheproblemisNotconfinedtothemedicalissue.外科医生对问题的了解程度至关重要，但问题不仅仅限于医学问题。Itmustbeunderstoodinthecontextofthepatient.医生需要在病人的条件下了解问题。Therefore,demonstrationofempathyisimportanttothepatient'strustofthephysician.所以，医生的同情心会增加病人对医生的信任，这一点非常重要。Establishingthisconnectioniscrucialtoengagingthepatientintheprocessofcare.在诊疗过程中，建立互信关系至关重要。1.crucialto至关重要的例句：Improvedconsumerconfidenceiscrucialtoaneconomicrecovery.消费者信心的提升对经济的复苏至关重要。3.attheoutsetof从一开始例句：Decideattheoutsetwhatkindoflearningprogrammedyouwanttofollow.开始时就选定自己的学习方案。4.dogtrainer训狗师例句：Mugglialsoisadogtrainerandhasseensignificantgrowthininterestinagilitytraining.马格利还是一名驯狗师，她发现宠物狗主人在训练狗狗的机敏性方面兴趣大增。5.referralletter转诊信例句：Pleaseattachwiththedoctor'sreferralletter.请连同医生转诊信递交。第22期:CLARITY清楚明了Havingestablishedrespectforthepatient,heardandunderstoodthepatient'sstory,andempathizedwithhisorhersituation,thephysicianmustspeakclearly,inavocabularyunderstoodbytheindividual,abouttherecommendationsforfurtherevaluationorcare.尊重病人、倾听和理解病人、同情病情，医生必须简单明了、通俗易懂地给出进一步的医学鉴定和护理建议。Thispartoftheconversationshouldincludeacleardistinctionbetweenwhatisknownaboutthepatient'sdiagnosisorconditionandwhatisnotknownbutmightbeanticipated.这部分对话应该对已知和未知进行明确区分，已知的是病况，未知的是或将出现的问题。Whenappropriate,likelihoodsofvariousoutcomesshouldbeestimatedinawaythatthepatientcangrasp.文案大全 实用标准如果合适，我们应该使用病人能够理解的方式来对各种可能进行评估。Therecommendedapproachtonextstepsshouldbelistedclearly,alongwithalternativeapproaches.一一列举下一步的推荐方法和替代办法。Patientsalwayshaveatleastonealternativetotherecommendedchoice,evenifonlytodecidenottohavefurthermedicalcare.在推荐方法中，病患至少拥有一种替代办法，哪怕是关于是否继续接受治疗。Theconversationcanbeaugmentedwithillustrationsormodelsthatmayimprovethepatient'sunderstanding.在对话过程中增加图表或是模型，增强病人的理解力。Reviewingradiologicalstudiesdirectlywiththepatientorfamilyalsocanhelptheirunderstanding.就X光与病患或家属进行直接沟通也会帮助其理解。Failingtoestablishacomfortable,mutuallyrespectfulrelationshipwiththepatientcanleadtoerrorsinjudgmentaboutdiagnosisormanagement.如果医患之间没有能够建立相互尊重的关系，那么医生对患者的诊断，治疗就有可能发生误判。Italsoprecludestheopportunitytoengagethepatientasanallyinhisorhercare.病患之间的“伙伴关系”也将会消失。Andiftreatmentgoesbadly,itcanmakecommunicationaboutproblemsorcomplicationsdifficultorimpossible.如果治疗出现问题，医患对问题的讨论也将变得更加困难，甚至不可能。Finally,thesurgeonwhocommunicatespoorlyexcludeshimselforherselffromenjoyingapersonallyandprofessionallysatisfyingphysician-patientrelationship.最后，由于外科医生的沟通有误，从个人和专业的角度来看，令人满意的医患关系也将不复存在。1.augmentwith增力口例句：Youshouldbrowsethroughtheseandaugmentthemwithyourownlistofreadingsandphotographers.你应该浏览这些它们，并通过你自己的读物和摄影作品来扩大阅读范围。1.1eadto导致例句：Heartfailureledtoherfather'sdeath.心力衰竭导致她父亲的死亡。3.excludefrom不允许例句：Employeesandtheirrelativeswereexcludedfromparticipationinthecontest.雇员及其亲属不准参赛。4.atleast至少例句：Well,atleastnotforme.至少对我而言不是。文案大全 实用标准第23期：COMMUNICATIONWITHCOLLABORATINGPHYSICIANS与协作内科医生进行沟通Surgeonsoftenworkwithotherphysiciansincollaborationofcareforpatients.外科医生通常都会就病患与内科医生进行合作。Communicationinthesesettingsisimportanttotheoverallpatientoutcome,particularlywhenthesurgeonisinvolvedinthepatient'scareforsomedefinedintervalthatwasprecededandwillbefollowedbytheongoingcareprovidedbytheprimarycarephysician.这种情形下的医患交流对病人的痊愈非常重要，特别是当初级保健医生一直、且将继续负责护理病人，而外科医生需要介入之时。Inthissituation,therearetwobasictypesofcommunication:routineandurgent.在这种情况下，有两种最基本的交流模式：常规和紧急Routinecommunicationofreasonablyexpectedinformationthatdoesnotneedtobeactedonurgentlycantakeplaceinavarietyofwaysdependingonthehealthcaresetting.常规信息交流不宜操之过急，需要变换形式、见机行事。Itistypicallyasynchronousandwritten,anditmaytaketheformofanoteinthepatient'selectronicmedicalrecordoralettersenttothephysician'soffice.通常情况下，这种交流方式并不同步，并且通过书面方式传递，在病患的电子病例中，它或许会以记录，或是向内科医生办公室递交信函的方式出现。Forexample,regardingapatientwhoisreferredtoasurgeonforcholecystectomyandwhohasaplanmadefortheoperation,communicationbetweenthesurgeonandreferringphysiciancanberoutine.比如，一名转到外科医生那里接受胆囊切除术的患者，医生计划通过手术治疗，那么内外科医生之间的交流就可以通过常规方式进行。Urgentcommunicationshouldoccurbetweenoramongthecollaboratingphysicianswhenunexpectedoradverseoutcomesoccur.当病患出现意外或是不利情况时，外科医生就应该与协作内科医生进行紧急交流。Again?avarietyofcommunicationmodesmaybeutilized,butthecommunicationismoreoftensynchronousviaadirectconversationeitherinpersonorbytelephone.此外，可以采用多种交流方式，且面对面交流和电话交流通常同时进行。Thecommunicationismorethancourtesytothecollaboratingphysicians,asknowledgeoftheseeventsallowsthemtoparticipateconstructivelyonbehalfofthepatient.当病人的病情决定了不同医师要相互协作之时，医生之间的交流就不仅限于以礼相待了。Examplesofsituationsthatwarrantmoreurgentcommunicationincludenewdiagnosisofsignificantcancers,life-alteringcomplicationsfrominterventions,andcertainlydeathofthepatient.需要进行紧急交流的情况包括确诊癌症、因治疗所出现的并发症、以及病人死亡。Clarityintransfer-of-careresponsibilityiscriticaltothecontinuousoptimalcareofthepatient.在转交病人时，清晰明确的表达是病患接受有效治疗的关键。Therefore,anycommunicationwiththecollaboratingphysiciansshouldindicateeithertheongoingroleofthesurgeoninthepatient'scareorthedeliberatetransferofresponsibilityforongoingcareissuesbacktoothercollaboratingphysicians.文案大全 实用标准因此，与协作医生交流时应该明确外科医生当前对病人的职责，或者告知病人的护理责任已经转移到其他医生身上。1.onbehalfof代表例句：Andonbehalfoftheotherhonorees,Isaythankyou.我代表获得此一荣誉的其他人向你们表示感谢。2.referto将"一转给例句：Patientsaremostlyreferredtohospitalbytheirgeneralpractitioners.病人大多数是在他们的全科医生建议下转往医院就医。3.communicatewith交流例句：Mynaturalmotherhasnevercommunicatedwithme.我的亲生母亲从未和我联系过。4.inperson本人例句：Hecan'tattendthemeetinginperson.他不能亲自参加会议。第24期：COMMUNICATIONWITHTEAMS与团队进行协商Surgicalcareisoftenprovidedinateamsetting.通常，外科拥有专门的外科小组。Currentsurgicalteamstypicallyincludephysicians,nonphysicianmidlevelproviders(oftenphysicianassistantsornursepractitioners),andavarietyofstudents.外科小组通常会包括内科医生、非内科中层医疗人员(通常是内科助理，或是护理执业师)，以及各专业学生。Thestudenttraineesmayincludestudentsinmedicalschool,physicianassistantprograms,ornursingschool.实习生有来自医学院的学生，内科助理项目学生，或是护理学校学生。Theseteamshavebecomeincreasinglycomplex,andtheinformationtheymanipulateasateamtoprovidepatientcareisvoluminous.团队组成变得愈加复杂，需要掌握的信息量也非常庞杂。Inaddition,thetransferofinformationfromoneprovidertoanotherasshiftsorrotationschangeisrecognizedasaweakpointinthepatientcarecontinuum.此外，因轮换或调换需要，医生之间的信息转接也是治疗的弊端。Withthesecomplexteamsandextensiveinformationthekeystoefficientandeffectiveteamprocessesappeartobeclarityofrolesandprocessesthatinvolvewritingthingsdownonlyonce.伴随错综复杂的团队合作和庞大的信息量，行之有效的团队工作方式表现为角色清晰和单次有效记录。Theadventofelectronicmedicalrecordshasallowedthegenerationofelectronictoolstotransferinformationamongteammembers.由于电子病历的出现，信息能够通过电子仪器实现在小组成员间的转接。Suchtoolsmaybeusefultofacilitateteamprocesses.这些工具能够促进团队进程。Carefulattentiontotransfersofcarefromoneprovidertoanotherandexplicitrecognitionthatthisisapotentialtimeforerrorsisimportant.文案大全 实用标准认真转接信息，并对有可能发生的错误做出清晰认识，这非常重要。PROFESSIONALISM专业水准Professionalismdenotesbehaviorthatcharacterizesapersonasaprofessional.专业水准指代的是专业人员的专业水平。Aprofessionalisimpliedtopossessthespecializedknowledgeofandtohavegonethroughintensiveacademicpreparationforhisorhervocation.专业人士指代的是拥有专业知识，对所在领域进行过深入学习的人。Becauseconductaffectsallinteractions,foroptimaleffectiveness,thesurgeonshouldbehaveprofessionallywithpatientswithotherhealthcareprofessionalsandinthebroadercontextoftheirinstitutions.由于行为影响交流，为了追求最佳治疗效果，外科医生应该与其他医务工作者以及医院一起，在病人面前展现良好的职业素养。TheAMAhaspromulgatedasetofmedicalethicalprinciplesthatapplyequallywelltosurgicalpracticeandthatcanhelptoguideprofessionalbehavior.美国医学协会公布了一系列医疗道德准则，准则同样适用于外科医生，并将对职业行为进行指导。1.applyto适用例句：Theconventiondoesnotapplytous.这条惯例对我们不适用。2.gothrough经历例句：Youdidn'tknowwhatIhavegonethrough.你不知道我遭受了什么苦难。3.writedown写下例句：Hewrotedowneverywordtheteachersaid.他把老师讲的一字不漏地记下来。4.beusefulto对有用例句：DeVosdiscusseshowartprizewhichrunsthroughOct.9anditsmodelcouldbeusefultobusinessesandbusinessleaders.近日，迪沃斯接受《财富》杂志（Fortune）专访，谈到了一直持续到10月9日的ArtPrize艺术展，探讨了举办模式中哪些方面值得当今企业及企业负责人借鉴。第25期：Theethicsofsurgicalpracticearecomplexandcanbeapproachedfromavarietyoftheoreticalframeworks.外科医生的行为道德准则较为复杂，并含有多种理论框架。Themostcommonlyappliedframeworkfortheevaluationofethicaldilemmasforindividualpatientdecisionsinmedicine,knownas"theprinciplesapproach"involvesfourprinciples:autonomy,beneficence,nonmaleficence,andjustice,aspromulgatedbyBeauchampandChildress(2001).就评估医生的“伦理困境”来说，最常使用的理论框架是“伦理准则”，在比彻姆与柴尔德里斯发表的医学著作中，将这些准则总结为：“文案大全 实用标准自主、正义、行善及不伤害”。Adetailedanalysisoftheseprinciplesisbeyondthescopehere；however,theneedforacodeofmedicalethicsthatisdistinctfromgeneralsocietalethicsisthebasisformedicalprofessionalism.本文不涉及此四项原则的具体分析，然而，医学道德准则异于一般社会道德，是掌握医学专业素养的先决条件。Fivefeaturesofmedicalrelationshipsprovidethemoralimperativesthatunderlietherequirementforaprofessionalethicalcodeseparatefromotherformsofbusiness.医患关系的五大特征体现了构成医疗职业道德准则的责任基础，区别于其它行业。One,theinequalityinmedicalknowledge,andattendantvulnerability,ofthepatient；第一，病患对医理的掌握，以及病患自身状况参差不齐；Two,therequirementforthepatienttotrustthephysician,knownasthefiduciarynatureoftherelationship；?第二，病患要相信医生，这也被称之为“信托关系”；Three,themoralnatureofmedicaldecisionsthatencompassboththetechnicalaspectsofhealthmanagementandtheultimateeffectonthepatient'slife?第三，医学道德准则既包括技术层面，还将最终影响病患生命；Four,thenatureofmedicalknowledgeasapublicpropertythatphysiciansreceiveinordertoapplytothepracticalimprovementofpatient'slives;第四，作为一种公共财产，医生需要用医理来治病救人；Five,themoralcomplicityofthephysicianintheoutcomeoftheprescribedcareinthatnoformalmedicalcarecantakeplacewithoutthephysician'scollusion.第五，医生的伦理道德是治病救人的先决条件；Becauseofthesecharacteristicsoftherelationshipbetweenphysiciansandtheirpatients,physiciansmustadheretoasetofethicalconstraintsspecifictotheirprofession.由于医患关系的种种特征，医生必须要遵守一系列道德约束。Whiletheseimperativesarenotgenerallyunderstoodexplicitlybypatients,patientscanclearlygraspwhentheseprinciplesareindanger.普遍情况下，病患不会对这些要点一一明了，但若有医生违反准则，病患自然清楚。Theymayevenbesuspiciousthattheirphysicianorsurgeonhascompetingmotivestothepatient'sbestinterest.在保证病患权益上，病患甚至会怀疑医生拥有矛盾性动机。Oneofthegoalsofthephysician-patientinteractionistoallaythesefearsandconstructatrustingrelationshipbasedonthepatient'sneeds,withintheprinciplesnotedabove.医患沟通的目的之一就是要缓解病人的紧张感，在准则允许的范围内，以病患需求出发，建立互信关系。1.basedon以"一为基础例句：Alloftheworkwedoisbasedonscience.我们所做的一切都是在科学的基础上完成的。2.knownas被称为文案大全 实用标准例句：She'llbeinterrogated,jailed,interrogatedagain,getwhat'susuallyknownasthefulltreatment.她将被审问，监禁，然后再被提审，接受通常所说的“全套款待3.indanger有"一的危险例句：Atonestagehisverylifewasindanger.他的生命都曾一度处于危险之中。4.separatefrom分离例句：Businessbankaccountswerekeptseparatefrompersonalones.银行的商业账户和个人账户是分开管理的。第26期：INTERACTIONWITHPATIENTS医患沟通Interactionswithpatientsshouldbecharacterizedbypoliteandpossiblysomewhatformalmanners.礼貌或略带正式的沟通应是医患交流的一大特点。Suchmannersaidprofessionalsintheircommunicationeffortsandhelpthemtomeetpatientexpectations.对于医生来说，礼貌的言谈举止有益医患交流，满足病人期许。Sociallyacceptablemannersputpatientsateasethatthephysicianisanempatheticpersonwiththeself-awarenesstorecognizethewayheorsheappearstootherpeople.得到大众认可的礼貌举止易让病患放松心情，医生要对病患的状况感同身受，对对待他人的方式方法有着清楚的认识。Thephysician'smannersaffecthisorhercredibilityinsubsequentinteractions.在随后的沟通中，医生的言行将影响他（她）的信誉度。Theseconventionsextendtothetypeofdressthatisworninaprofessionalsetting.这些规范还延伸到了医生的职业着装。Whetheraphysicianwearsawhitecoatorformalbusinessclothing（suits,ties,pantsuits,blouses,skirts,etc.）isbestlefttolocalcustomandpractice.无论是“白大褂”还是正式的商务着装（西装、领带、套装、上衣、裙装等），医生都应该适应当地的风俗和习惯。However,themodeofdressingeneralshouldbeneat,clean,formalratherthancasual,andnotdistractingtotheinteraction.然而，着装的大体风格都应该以简洁、干净、正式为主，而不应该是休闲，更不要因着装而让沟通分心。Anotheraspectofprofessionalismisthephysician'sabilitytodotherightthingforthepatientandthefamilyevenwhenthatcourseisdifficultorunpleasant.作为职业化的另一面，即使在治疗遇到困难时，医生也有能力为病患和家属做出正确决定。Thisincludessuchsituationsasfranklyandopenlydisclosingerrorsmadeduringcareordeliveringbadnewsaboutneworunexpecteddiagnoses.这些情况包括对病患开诚布公，说出治疗过程中出现的问题，或告知病患新发现，或是预料之外的诊疗结果。Whilehumannaturecanmaketheseinteractionsdifficult,theprofessionalmustrisetothetaskandperformitwell.文案大全 实用标准从人性来说，这样的沟通会非常困难，但作为职业医生，我们必须迎难而上，完美完成。Avoidingtheopportunitytodosonotonlyobviatestheprofessional'sroleasadvisorontheissueathandbutaffectsthephysician'scredibilityintheremainderofthattherapeuticrelationship.有意避免与病人及家属的交流不仅有损于医生的专业顾问形象，而且在之后的治疗过程中影响医生的信誉。INTERACTIONSWITHHEALTHCAREPERSONNEL与医护人员沟通Surgeonsfrequentlyworkincomplex,multilayeredorganizations.外科医生通常会在多部门间游走。Thebehaviorofthesurgeonwithinthisgroupshouldalwaysremainproductiveandpatient-centered.在团体中，他们的一言一行应该事事以病患为中心，并随时保持高效性。Inanycomplexorganizationwithmultiplepeopleandpersonalities,conflictsarise.在任何庞杂集体中，各都形形色色，也会自然而然产生矛盾。Whertheydo,thesurgeonshouldnotshrinkfromtheconflictbutrathershouldtakeuptheroleofconstructiveevaluatorandteambuildertoresolvetheissue.矛盾出现时，外科医生不应该退缩不前，而应该积极的看待矛盾，并带领团队解决矛盾。Atalltimes,thesurgeonmustavoidpersonalattacksbasedonindividual'spersonalcharacteristics,butheorshemaylegitimatelycriticizebehaviorandideas.因性格差异，外科医生需要随时避免人身攻击，并可以在合理范围内对他人思想，行为进行批评指正。Professionalcomportmentinthesematterswillberewardedwithprogressinresolvingtheissue.在解决问题时，职业的言行举止能够助我们一臂之力。l.rewardwith奖励例句：Maketheextraefforttoimpressthebuyerandyouwillberewardedwithaquickersale.多用心去打动顾客，货物就会更快售出。2.shrinkfrom退避例句：Wewillnevershrinkfromdifficulties.我们在困难面前决不退缩。3.personalattack人身攻击例句：Itisapersonalattack,aformofbullying,andassuchshouldnotbetolerated.这是一种人身攻击，一种恐吓的形式，这样的事是不应容忍的。4.meetexpectation达至U预期meet例句：Itisprovedthattheaccuracyofsoftwaredesignthroughsimulationexperimentswhichexpectation.通过仿真实验，证明了软件设计的准确性，本测试系统设计达到预期要求。文案大全