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目录社会类l.AStheWatersRise12.ACaseofGenderBiues43.MakingYourGrassGreener74.AbdicateandCapitulate10文教类5.CapitalofCulture146.MysteryMan167.GirlsGoingMild(er)208.Who*saNerd,Anyway?23经济类9.AMatterofSovereignty2710.WordontheStreet3011.WorthaLot,butAreTheyWorthIt?33科技类12.1sSnuppythePuppyforReal?3713.Who'stheSmartSibing?3914.AlloyHoldsOutPromiseofSpeedierMemoryChip43健康类15.LestWeForgetorLestWeRemember?4616.Hollywood*sSmokeAlarm4917.CancerandStayingFit5318.TeachingDoctorstoTeachPatientsaboutLifestyle57

1FromTheEconomistSept.27,20071.AStheWatersRiseAsworldleadersmettodiscussclimatechangeattheUnitedNationsthisweek,protestersoutsideseemedunconvincedthatdrowningislandsandexpandingdesertsweretheplane'sbiggestwoe.LatinAmericanslamentedtheimperialismoftheUnitedStates.VietnamesewithBuddhistflagsdecriedtheirgovermnent'simpiety,whileemigresfromIrandeploredtheirrulers'religiousfervour.Insidethebuilding,concernswerealmostasdiffuse.Somethoughtthemostpressingaspectofclimatechangewasrisingsealevels;others,thegrowingintensityofstormsanddroughts;andothersthespreadofpestsanddiseases.Manypoorcountriesfeltmoremoneywasneededtoaddresstheproblem;richonesfrettedaboutalackofpoliticalwillandpopularenthusiasm.SouthAfricawantedmoreumainstreamingofwomenandyouth”.Bolivia'spresident,EvoMorales,calledcapitalismthe“worstenemy”,AsheikhfromtheUnitedArabEmiratessaidtoovigorousaresponsetoglobalwarmingcouldwreckoil-dependenteconomies.AndPresidentGeorgeBush,notcontentwiththeUNevent,heldhisownmeetingonclimatechangeonSeptember27th.Intheory,bothhisgatheringandtheUNoneaimedtofosterdebateaboutasuccessortotheKyotoprotocoltheUN'sexistingtreatyonclimatechange,whichexpiresin2012.Buttherhetoricsurroundingthetwodeliberationswasverydifferent.AttheUNmeeting,almosteveryleaderspokeof"commonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilities^^—jargonfortheideathatrichcountriesmustcuttheiremissionsofgreenhousegases,whilepooronescarryonasnormalunlesstherichworldpaysforthemtocleanuptheiract.TheWhiteHouseaffair,meanwhile,focusedondisseminatinggreentechnology.Theimplicitmessagewasthatbindingemissionstargetsarecounter-productive,andthatanysolutionmustinvolvepoorcountriesaswellasrichones.YvodeBoer,headoftheagencythatoverseesKyotoanditsprecursor,theUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange,saysthegulfbetweenAmericaandtherestislesswidethanitappears.AlthoughMr.Bushisnotyetreadytocontemplateabindinginternationaltreatythatwouldlimitgreenhouse-gasemissions,hedoesadvocatepoliciesthatcouldhelptrimAmerica'semissions.Asitis,statesrepresentingoverhalfofAmerica'semissionshavepledgedcutsofsomekind.Congress,meanwhile,iscontemplatingseveralbillsthatwouldimposeanationalcap.Australia,theotherrichcountrythatrejectedKyoto,isalsoworkingonanemissions-reductionplan.Poorcountries,forthemostpart,arestillrefusingtoacceptanytargetsoftheirown.TheyarguethatrichcountrieshavenotmadeenoughuseoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),aschemeunderKyotothatletscountrieswithemissions-reductiontargetsmeettheminpartthroughprojectsinpoorcountries.Cuba*sforeignminister,forone,dismissedrichcountries'effortstodateasmodestisimo:hequestionedthe"moralauthority“ofleaderslikeMr.Bush.Indiamerelyvowedthatitsemissionsperheadwouldneverexceedthelevelofrichcountries,aformulathatstillpermitsenormousgrowth.Butafewdevelopingcountrieshintedatamoreflexiblestance.MexicosuggestedtyingtheaidgiventopoorcountriesthroughprogrammesliketheCDMtotheireffortstocombatclimatechange.Indonesia'spresident,amidmoretalkof"differentiatedresponsibilities',,saidallcountriesshouldtakeonbiggerburdens,andtoldfellowleaderstoMthinkoutsidethebox".Therewasmuchdiscussion-albeitmostlyonthesidelines-ofpoorcountriestakingontargetsforemissionsperhead,orperunitofoutputin

2certainindustries.Allthishintsattheshapeofthingstocome.AmericaandAustraliacanprobablybeenticedtolimitemissions,especiallyif,asexpected,bothgetnewgovernmentsinthenextyearortwo.ButtheoversightandadministrationofsuchadealmightbelooserthanunderKyoto,givenAmerica'ssuspicionofglobalbureaucrats.Poorcountriesmightheinducedtotakeontargetsofsomesort,albeitofalessexactingsortthanthestraightemissionscutsfacedbyrichcountries.Butforgingsuchadealcouldtakeanage:neitherAmericanortheUNexpectanyconclusionbeforelate2008.Perhapsthoselow-lyingislandsshouldnotcountonstayingdry.词汇注解重点单词unconvinced/,O・切Q・'vinst/【文中释义】adj.不信服的【大纲全义】adj.不信服的漫无边际的;四散的，弥散的diffuse/di'fju:z/【文中释义】adj.散开的，弥漫的【大纲全义】V.扩散；传播adj.（文章等）冗长的，intensity/in'tensiti/【文中释义】n.强烈，剧烈【大纲全义】n.强烈，剧烈；强度drought/draut/【文中牌义】n.干旱【大纲全义】n.旱灾，干早fret/fret/【文中释义】v.烦恼，不满【大纲全义】n.烦躁，磨损，焦急v.烦恼，不满，磨损expire/iks'paiS/【文中释义】v期满，失效，终止【大纲全义】v.期满，失效，（期限）终止;呼气;断气，死亡deliberation/dijibs'refan/【文中释义】n.熟虑，熟思【大纲全义】n.熟虑，熟思，协议implicit/im'plisit/【文中释义】adj.暗示的，含蓄的，不讲明的【大纲全义】adj.含蓄的;（in）固有的;无疑问的;绝对的contemplate/'kDntempleit/【文中释义】v.注视，沉思，打算【大纲全义】v.盘算，计议;周密考虑;注视，凝视

3bind/baind/【文中释义】V.绑，约束【大纲全义】V.捆，绑，约束，包括，束缚；装订；使结合treatyftrirti/【文中释义】n.条约，协定【大纲全义】n.条约，协议，协商reject/ri'dsekt/【文中释义】v.拒绝，驳回【大纲全义】v.拒绝，抵制，丢弃，排斥，退掉n.落选者，被拒贷品dismiss/dis'mis/【文中释义】v.解散，开除【大纲全义】V.免职，解雇，开除，解散;驳回，不受理vow/vau/【文中释义】V.立誓，起誓要，郑重地宣布【大纲全义】n.元音，元音字母V.立誓，起誓要，郑重地宣布formula/'formjula/【文中释义】n.客套语，公式，准则【大纲全义】n.公式;规则；分子式；药方超纲单词impietyn.无信抑，无信心,不虔诚sheikhn.阿拉伯首长（族长）differentiatev.区别，差别albeitconj.虽然（即使）fervourn.热情（白热状态）rhetoricadj花言巧语的precursorn.先驱者，前导，先进者重点段落译文本周，当世界各国领导人在联合国总部会聚一堂，探讨气候变化的问题时，大楼外的抗议者并未把岛屿被淹和沙漠扩张视为这个星球上最大的不幸：拉丁美洲的人民抱怨美国的帝国主义政策；越南的僧侣们痛斥他们政府对宗教的亵渎；来自伊朗的移民谴责伊朗当局的宗教狂热。联合国总部大楼内，不同的国家、不同的民族关心的问题也各不相同。一些国家认为当前最紧迫的问题是气候变化引起的海平面上升；有的国家认为是旱涝灾害的加剧；还有的认为是虫害和疾病的传播。许多贫困国家觉得他们需要获得更多的资金以解决问题；发达国家对国民普遍缺乏政治热情而焦虑不已；南非要求允许更多妇女和年轻人回归主流；玻利维亚总统伊•莫拉莱斯声称资本主义才是罪魁祸首；一位阿拉伯联合酋长国的酋长说对全球气候变暖的过分关注可能切断石油大国的经济命脉。而布什总统则无视联合国的事务，于9月27日在白宫召开了有关环境变化的会议。从理论上来讲，不论是布什的小会还是联合国大会，都是为寻求《京都协议》的后继条约而努力，联合国有关环境变化的现有条例将在2012年失效。但是，两个会议所高谈阔论的重点又是截然不同的。联合国大会上，大多数国家领导人都主张国际法所确立的‘'共同而有区别的责任”原则，这一原则规定发达国家必须减少温室气体的排放量，发展中国家维持现有的排放量，除非发达国家为他们的排放量买单。与此同时，白宫将主要问题放在绿色环保技术的推广上，也就是说，白宫认为在减排问题上如果将发达国家与发展中国家区别对待，效果只会适得其反。无论采取什么方法解决，对发达国家和发展中国家应该一视同仁。据京都议定书的监督者，《联合国气候变化框架协议》秘书处执行秘书伊弗•

4德布尔介绍，在温室气体的减排这一问题上，美国正在缩小与其他国家的差距。虽然布什尚未考虑制定一项限制温室气体排放的国际性公约，但他已同意采取措施削减美国的排放量，事实也的确如此，美国有一半以上的州已经做出减排及其他措施的保证。同时美国国会也正考虑设立议案限制温室气体的排放。如反对《京都协议》的其他一些发达国家，如澳大利亚也正在建立一个减少温室气体排放的计划。大部分发展中国家仍然拒绝他们的减排义务，他们认为发达国家并未完全遵守《京都协议》的清洁发展机制，这项机制允许一些国家为了符合减排要求，在发展中国家设厂投资。例如，古巴外交部长对发达国家的努力不以为然，他认为那是微不足道的，他对布什等一些所谓的道德政府表示质疑。印度领导人仅仅承诺他们的人均排放量绝不会超过发达国家，这就使印度未来排放量的大幅增长合理化了。FromNewsweekByLynnWaddellandArianCampo-FloresMar.12,20071.ACaseofGenderBluesAfteralifetimeofagonizingoverhisgenderidentity,StevenStantondecidedtobecomeawomanabouttwoyearsago."Itwasn'tsomethingIwantedtodo,“saysStanton,48,thecitymanagerofLargo,Fla."ItwassomethingIhadtodo.^^Hestartedhormonaltherapy.graduallysheddingbodyhairandlosingmusclemass.Hebegantofeelbreastpainwhenhewentjogging—aproblemheremediedbyfollowingadoctor'srecommendationtowearasportsbra.Ontripsawayfromhome,hebeganventuringoutdressedasawoman.Althoughheconfidedallthistohiswifeandasmallcircleoffriends,heknewthatonedayhe'dhavetotellthetownspeopleheserved.Sohepreparedmeticulouslyfbrthatmoment一aimingforMay,whenhis13-year-oldsonwouldbeaway一andcreatedadetailedeight-pageplan."Whenyoutellsomebodythis,it*sdevastating/hesays."Itislikeanelementofbetrayal.'1Stanton*splanfounderedtwoweeksagowhentheSt.PetersburgTimespublishedanarticleabouthisplansforasexchange.Intheensuingupheaval,churchleaderscondemnedhimandangryresidentsdemandedhisouster.AtatumultuousmeetinglastTuesday,citycommissionersvoted5-2tobegintheprocessoffiringStanton,whohasreceivedmostlysolidreviewsin14yearsascitymanager."Idonotfeelhehastheintegrity,northetrust,northerespect,northeconfidencetocontinue,"saidCommissionerMaryGrayBlack.Nowonpaidadministrativeleave,StantonhasuntilTuesdaytodecidewhethertoappeal.Civilrightsandtransgendergroupshaverushedtohisdefense."ItsbeenalongtimesinceI'veseenthatdegreeofjustflagrantdiscrimination,MsaysKarenDoering,seniorcounselfortheNationalCenterforLesbianRightsandnowStanton'slawyer.Stantonhasstruggledwithhisidentitysincehewasachild.Heusedtotryonhissistefsdressesandcontinuedaccumulatingwomen'sclothesovertheyears.Whenhemarriedin1990,hehopedtostiflehisyearningsandeventuallytriedcounseling.But"yougoandtrytogetfixed,"hesaidatlastweek'scommissionmeeting,*'andyoulearnyoucan'tgetfixed.11In2003,whilecityleadersweredebatingahuman-rightsordinancethatwouldprotecttranssexuals,thethenCommissionerPatBurkecriticizedStantonfornotlobbyinghardenoughfbrthemeasure(itdidn'tenduppassing,butthetowndidadoptaninternalpolicybarringdiscriminationonthebasisofgenderidentity).Stanton,whowaspossiblywaryofaccusationsoffavoritism,respondedbyconfidinghissecrettoBurke,whenheshowedherphotosof

5himselfindrag,shelaughedaffectionatelyandofferedhimfashiontips.uItwasalightdress,anditdidn'twork."shesays.Stanton'scasecomesatatimewhenthetransgendercommunityisgainingacceptance.There*snagrowingtrendamongmental-healthprofessionalstogetthesocialenvironmenttoadapttothepersonratherthanforcethepersontoconformtogenderstereotypes/1sayspsychiatristJackDrescher.Federalcivil-rightslawoffersnoexplicitprotectionfortransgenderworkers,buteightstates(notincludingFlorida)andtheDistrictofColumbiado.Inthecorporateworld,122oftheFortune500companiesnowhavenodiscriminationpoliciesthatincludegenderidentity,accordingtotheHumanRightsCampaign.YetStanton'sexperienceshowsthelimitsofsuchacceptance.TheLargocitycommissioncouldvotetofinalizehisfiringasearlyasTuesday.Stanton,whoinitiallyrefusedtotakelegalaction,isnowcontemplatingit."Ineveranticipatedsomanypeoplecallingupfromthecommunitysaying,'Please,promisemethatyou'llfightthis*.*'AsStantontoldhisson,"Beingcourageousisbeingwillingtostandwhenothersarewillingtosit"Afteryearsofbattlinghimself,perhapshe*sreadytotakeonabroadenstruggle.词汇注解重点单词agonize/'aeganaiz/【文中释义】v.挣扎【大纲全文】V.(使)极度痛苦，折磨，挣扎shed/fed/【文中释义】V.脱落【大纲全文】v.流出；散发，散发，脱落，脱去n.棚屋，小屋remedy/'remidi/【文中释义】vi.治疗【大纲全文】n药品;治疗措施;补救方法;纠正方法;消除方法;补尝,赔偿，法律补救方法v.治疗，医治；纠正，补救betrayal/bi'treial/【文中释义】n.辜负，出卖【大纲全文】n背叛，暴露condemn/kan'dem/【文中释义】v.谴责

6【大纲全文】V.谴责，指责：判刑，宣告有罪integrity/in'tegriti/【文中释义】n.正直，诚实【大纲全文】n.正直，诚实;完整，完全administrative/ad'ministr8tiv/【文中释义】adj行政的，【大纲全文】adj.行政的，管理的defense/di'fens/【文中释义】n.挥卫，辫护【大纲全义】n.防卫，防卫物acceptance/ak'septans/【文中释义】n.认可，接受【大纲全义】n.接受，接收，验收，接纳;承认认可;认可，欢迎explicit/iks'plisit/【文中释义】adj显然的，明确的【大纲全义】adj.详述的，明确的;坦率的；显然的contemplate/'kDntempleit/【文中释义】vt.打算【大纲全义】v.注视，沉思，打算超纲单词hormonaladj.时荷尔蒙的,townspeoplen.市民，镇民tumultuousadj.乱哄哄的，激素的喧哗的confidev.吐露，信托，信赖upheavaln.举起，隆起，大变动finalizev.使结束，使完结flagrantadj非常的，不能容忍的重点段落译文在经过对自己性别特性一生的痛苦挣扎后，现年48岁的佛罗里达州拉哥市执行长斯蒂芬•土丹顿在大约两年前决定变成一名女性。他说：“我也不想这么做，但我不得不这么做。”然后，他开始接受激素治疗，身上的体毛逐渐脱落，成块的肌肉也逐渐消失。当他慢跑时开始感到胸部疼痛一他听从了医生的建议，穿上了运动文胸，这个问题才得以解决。出门在外时，他开始尝试穿成女性的样子。尽管他把这一切告诉了妻子和一小部分朋友，但是他知道终有一天他不得不把这些告诉他所服务的市民。于是他为这一刻做了精心准备一时间选在5月份，他13岁的儿子恰好不在一制作了一份长达8页的详细计划。“告诉别人这些是会产生相当大的反响的，”他说：“这有些像某种程度的背叛。”两周前，当《圣彼得堡时报》发表了一篇关于土丹顿变性计划的文章时，他的计划失败了。在接下来的事情变化中，教堂领导人谴责他，愤怒的居民也要求将他驱逐出境。在上周二乱哄哄的会议上，城市委员会成员以5比2的选票表决决定解雇士丹顿，尽管他在担任市执行长的连续14年间受到了很多好评。委员会成员玛丽•格利•布莱克说：“我认为他没有诚实，不可信，没有受人尊敬的品格，也没有继续留任的信心。”虽然面临着行政职务被解雇的处罚，但是土丹顿直到周二才决定是否要上诉。而民权和跨性别团体都去为他辩护。同性恋权益中心的高级辩护律师、士丹顿现在的律师凯伦。多林说:“很久以前我就注意到了这种不能容忍的歧视J士丹顿变性事件正好发生在变性团体逐步得到人们认可的时期。精神病医师杰克•德雷舍说:“心理健康专业人士越来越倾向于想让社会适应像土丹顿这样的人，而不是强迫他们去遵从原本固有性别J虽然联邦民权法律没有为变性人提供明确的保护，但是有8个

7州（不包括佛罗里达）和哥伦比亚地区却提供了该项保护。根据人权运动，企业界中的财富500强中，有122家现今没有包括性别在内的歧视政策。然而土丹顿的变性事件披露了社会对变性认同的局限性.拉哥市委员会最早可以在周二通过选举来决定土丹顿的去留。最初不愿采取法律措施的士丹顿如今正在考虑阶段。“我没料到团体里会有这么多人打电话给我'请答应我你要继续战斗下去正如土丹顿对儿子所说的那样：“勇敢就是当其他人想坐着的时候而你愿意站着J经过几年的自我斗争，也许土丹顿已经决定进行一场更广泛的斗争。FromNewsweekByJaneBryantQuinnDec.4,20061.MakingYourGrassGreenerKermitthefrogshouldloveit.Everybodywantstobegreen.Nowit*sthereal-estateindustry,outtosaveenergy,savetheplanetandsavemoneyfortheirclients.Withonlyalittleeffort,youcanfindgreenbrokers,greenhomes,greencontractors,evengreenmortgages.Topthatoffwithgreentaxcreditsandyou,too,mightacquireatint.CommercefollowstheZeitgeist.Somegreeniesaremovedbyconscience,othersbyfearsofrisingenergycosts.Innumbers,theyYestillanichemarket,buttheirinfluenceispushingintothemainstream.Here*swherethegreengrassgrows:Real-estatefirms.Whathappenswhentheygogreen?First,theyadvertiseaspro-planet,toattractlike-mindedclientsandstandoutfromthecrowd.Second,they'reuponyourissues:howtocutenergybills,findtaxbreaksorstategrantsforgreenremodeling,qualifyforagreenmortgage(moreonthisbelow)andconnectwithsympatheticarchitectsandcontractors.There'sevenanewdesignation-EcoBroker-foragentsandbrokerswhotakespecialonlinecoursesinenvironmentalandenergyissues.Sofar,nearly250peoplehavequalifiedin38states,theDistrictofColumbiaandpartsofCanada(listingsatecobroker.com).Some500moreareinthepipeline.Ifenergypriceskeeprising,you'llseeastampede.Ecobuilders.Variouslabelingprogramsexistfornewhousesbuiltwithenergysavingsinmind:EnergyStarHome,BuiltGreen,BuildItGreenandsoon.Toqualify,theyhavetobemoreefficientthanhomesbuilttoordinarybuildingcodes.Youcanexpecttightconstruction,superiorinsulation,advancedheatingandcoolingequipment,high-performancewindows,goodventilationand-forthosewhogofurther-recycledcomponentsandbuildingmaterialscontainingfewerchemicalsandlessglue.Morethan10percentofnewhomeslastyearwerelabeledEnergyStar,saysSteveBaden,headoftheResidentialEnergyServicesNetwork(RESNET).AndtheyYenotjusthigh-end.JohnBeldock,EcoBroker'sCEO,saysthatgreenresidentialbuildingnowteachesalmosteverypricerange.Existinghomesaregettinggreener,too.Tohelpwithenergyimprovements,yourstaremayofferlow-interestloansorgrants.Stateandfederaltaxcreditsareonthetable.Tofindagreenbuilderorremodeler,clickon"PartnerList'*atenergystar.gov,Also,put"buildgreen'1andthenameofyourstateintoasearchengineandseewhatcomesup.Homeenergyratings.Yourutilitymayofferfreeorlow-costenergyauditstosuggestwaysofcuttingyourheatingandcoolingbills.Formoreformalaudits,greenbuildersandlendersareturningtocertified"raters.HHomesareawardedpointsonascaleofoneto100,dependingontheirenergyefficiency.Eachratingcomeswithalistofpossibleimprovementsyoumightwanttomake,aswellasanestimateofyoursavingsinenergybillsWhywouldyoupay$350to$600forarating?Lendersmightrequireit,ifyou'reborrowingmoney

8toaddenergy-efficientsystemstoyourhome.Statesmightrequireitforpeopleapplyingtoaffordable-homelendingprograms.Inbumreal-estatemarkets,agoodratingmighthelpsellyourhouse-especiallyifyou'relistingwithwithagreenbroker.Forcertifiedraters,gotoresnet.usandenergystar.gov(Buttryanyfreebiefromyourutilityfirst.)Greenmortgages-otherwiseknownasEnergyEfficientMortgages(EEMs).YouusuallyqualifyifyouYebuyinganewEnergyStarhomeorplanningcost-efficientupgradesonanolderhome.Varioustypesofloansexist;often,theyletyouborrowmoremoneythanwouldnormallybethecase.Iftheloanisdoneright,you'llbeabletohandlethehighermonthlypaymentsbecauseyou'resavingsomuchonyourenergybills.Youmightalsogetreducedclosingcosts.Thelargestprogramallowsloansupto$417,000,dependingonwhereyoulive,butit'spossibletoborrowupto$1millionormore.Ifyou'reupgradingahome,partofthemoneygoesintoescrowuntilthejobisdone.Intheory,anylendercanofferEEMs.Inpractice,they'rehardtofind.Fewbankshavebotheredwiththeprogramsortrainedlendingofficerstohandlethem.Peopledon'tknowtheyexist,sothere'sslimdemand.Andbesides,mostbuyerscanalreadyborrowasmuchastheyneed.ButEEMsaregoodforextrafinancing,andlendersshouldsooncatchontotheirvalueasmarketingtools.Tofindtheseloans,it*shelpfultouseagreenmortgagebroker.LookfbrthenamesoflendersandbrokersontheEnergyStarsite.TheIndigoFinancialCroupservesfivestatesandispreparingtogonationwide.Indigo'sJoelWiesesayshisclientsaresaving20percentto50percentontheirutilitybills—morethanenoughtocovertheirhighermortgagepayments.Onewarning:bewarethe"greenwashers”.Thosearebrokersandbuilderswhosaythey'resavingtheplanetbut-liketheWizardofOz-justgiveoutgreenglasses,toturnabrownworldintoanemeraldshade.Gobeyondthepressrelease.Besuretogetrealgreenforyourgreen.词汇注解重点单词real-estate/'riali'steit/【文中释义】adj.房地产的，不动产的【大纲全义】n.不动产，房地产adj房地产的，不动产的client/'klaiant/【文中释义】n.顾客，客户【大纲全义】n.律师等的当事人，委托人;商店的顾客tint/tint/I【文中释义】n.色彩【大纲全义】n.色彩v.给淡淡地着色

9conscience/'kOnfans/【文中释义】n.良心【大纲全义】n.良心，良知qualify/'kwDlifai/【文中释义】v.使具有资格【大纲全义】v.（使）具有资格，证明合格;限制，限定;修饰sympathetic/simpa'Qetik/【文中释义】adj.合意的【大纲全义】adj.有同情心的;赞同的;和谐的n.交感神经architect/'a:kitekt/【文中释义】n.建筑师【大纲全义】n.建筑师;设计师;缔造者;创造者designation/,dezig'neijan/【文中释义】n.名称【大纲全义】n.指出，指明；任命，选派；称呼，名称labelfleibal/【文中释义】v.标注【大纲全义】n标签v.把…….称为;用标签于;用标签标明;标注ordinary/'3:dinari/【文中释义】adj.普通的【大纲全义】adj.普通的，平凡的，平常的;平庸的code/kaud/【文中释义】n.规划【大纲全义】n.代码，代号，密码;法典，法规，规划v.把……编码ventilation/venti'leijan/【文中释义】n.通风【大纲全义】n.通风，流通空气beware/bi'wza/【文中释义】vt谨防【大纲全义】v.当心，谨防remodelv.改造pipelinen.审核中emeraldn.草绿色超纲单词like-mindedadj.有兴趣的ecobrokern.生态经纪人stampeden.惊慌行为重点段落译文、青蛙柯米特（经典木偶剧里的角色）应该会喜欢这样。人人都想变成绿色。现在，为了节约能源、节省地球资源和为客户省钱，在房地产业也出现了绿色。你很轻松就能找到绿色经纪人、绿色房屋、绿色承包商甚至绿色抵押贷款;最后还有绿色税收抵免——可能你自己也沾上了点绿色。商业紧随时代风潮而行。一些环保产品的出现是出于良知，另一些是由于担心增加能源成本。从数量上看，绿色环保市场仍然是一个缝隙市场，但其影响正波及主流市场。某些行业中的绿色产业正处于发展之中：

10房地产公司。它们走绿色路线的表现是什么？首先，房地产公司在广告中以“亲近星球”自居，来吸引有此兴趣的客户并从众多公司中脱颖而出。其次，它们了解你所关注的问题:如何减少能耗支出;如何寻求税收减免或是得到州政府对房屋环保改造的补助;如何取得申请绿色抵押的资格（更多的抵押款）;或是如何联系到合意的建筑师和承包商。如今甚至出现了一个新的称呼用于指那些上过有关环境和能源知识的专门网络课程的代理商和经纪人一一生态经纪人。到目前为止，在美国的38个州、哥伦比亚特区和加拿大的部分地区，已有将近250人获得了这种资格（名单所在网址为ecobroker.com）。还有500多人正在审核中。如果能源价格居高不下，可能会有更多的人对此趋之若鹫。生态建筑者。针对那些新修建的、带有节能理念的房屋，眼下有着各种各样的标签，比如:能源之星家园、绿色家园、绿色建筑等等。为了达标，这些房屋必须比按照普通建筑标准建造的房屋更加高效节能。它应该具备紧凑的结构、优良的隔热性能、先进的供热及制冷设备、高性能的窗户、良好的通风性以及一讨于那些更高标准的环保房屋而言一含较少化学成分及粘胶的再生部件及建筑材料。住宅能源服务网（RESNET）的老板史蒂夫•巴登说，去年有超过10%的新住宅被贴上了节能明星的标签。而且它们不全是高档住宅。生态经纪人公司的首席执行官约翰•贝尔多克表示，现在的绿色环保住宅几乎各种价位的都有。您要注意的是:要谨防“绿色骗子二很多经纪人和建筑商说是在节省地球资源一其实就像童话故事《绿野仙踪》里的巫女一样一仅仅是给人们绿色眼镜，使一个棕色的世界加上了绿色的遮蔽。不要尽信新闻报道。为了您的健康，要确保您得到的是真正的绿色。FromTheNewYorkTimesByAnonymousNov.11,20071.AbdicateandCapitulateItisextraordinaryhowPresidentBushhasstreamlinedtheSenateconfirmationprocess.AswehaveseenmostrecentlywiththevotetoconfirmMichaelMukaseyasattorneygeneral,aboutallthatisleftofuadviceandconsent,'isthe"consent"part.Onceuponatime,theconfirmationofmajorpresidentialappointmentsplayedoutonseverallevels-starting,ofcourse,withpolitics.Itwasassumedthatapresidentwouldchooselike-mindedpeopleascabinetmembersandforotherjobsrequiringSenateapproval.Therewasapresumptionthatheshouldbeallowedhischoices,allotherthingsbeingequal.BeforeGeorgeW.Bush'spresidency,thoseotherthingsactuallycounted.Wasthenomineetrulyqualified,withaprofessionalbackgroundworthyofthejob?Wouldhedischargehisdutiesfairlyandhonorably,upholdinghisoathtoprotecttheConstitution?Eventhoughheanswerstothepresident,wouldthenomineerepresentallAmericans?WouldheorsherespectthepowerofCongresstosupervisetheexecutivebranch,andthepowerofthecourtstoenforcetheruleoflaw?Inlessthansevenyears,Mr.Bushhasmanagedtoboilthatlistdowntoitsleastcommondenominator:thepresidentshouldgethischoices.Atfirst,Mr.BushwasabettedbyaslavishRepublicanmajoritythatbalkedatonlyonemajorappointment-HarrietMiersforSupremeCourtjustice,andthenonlybecauseofdoubtsthatshewasfarenoughtotheright.TheDemocrats,however,alsodeservealargemeasureofblame.TheydidalmostnothingwhiletheywereintheminoritytodemandbetternomineesthanMt.Bushwassendingup.Andnowthattheyhaveattainedthemajority,theyarenotdoinganybetter.OnThursday,theSenatevotedby53to40toconfirmMr.Mukaseyeventhoughhewouldnotanswerasimplequestion:doeshethinkwaterboarding,aformofsimulateddrowningusedtoextractinformationfromaprisoner,istortureandthereforeillegal?

11Democratsofferexcusesfortheirsorryrecord,startingwiththeirrazor-thinmajority.ButitisoftensaidthatanyvoteintheSenaterequiresmorethan60votes-enoughtoovercomeafilibuster.SowhydidMr.Mukaeygetbywithonly53votes?GiventhesuccesstheRepublicanshavehadinblockingactionwhentheDemocratscannotmuster60votes,themainculpritappearstobetheDemocraticleadership,whichseemsuninterestedinorincapableofstandinguptoMr.Bush.SenatorCharlesSchumer,theNewYorkDemocratwhoturnedthetideforthisnomination,saidthatiftheSenatedidnotapproveMr.Mukasey,thepresidentwouldgetbywithaninterimappointmentwhowouldbeundertheswayof"theextremeideologyofVicePresidentDickCheney*'.HearguedthatMr.MukaseycouldbecountedontoreversethepoliticizationoftheJusticeDepartmentthatoccurredunderAlbertoGonzales,andthatMr.Mukasey'sreticenceaboutcallingwaterboardingillegalmightwellbecomemoot,becausetheSenatewasconsideringalawmakingclearthatitisillegal.ThatispreciselythesortofcozyrationalizationthatMr.SchumerandhiscolleagueshaveusedsomanytimestobackdownfromaconfrontationwithMr.Bush.Thetruthis,Mr.Mukaseyisalreadyinthegripofthat"extremeideology".Ifhewerenot,hecouldhaveansweredthequestionaboutwaterboarding.Mr.BushsaidMr.MukaseycouldnotdosobecauseitwouldrevealclassifiedinformationaboutCentralIntelligenceAgencyinterrogationtechniques.Thatisnonsense.Mr.MukaseywasnotaskedifCIAjailershaveusedwaterboardingonprisoners,somethinghecouldbeexpectedtoknownothingabout.Hewassimplyaskedif,asageneralmatter,waterboardingisillegal.Itwasnotadifficultquestion.WaterboardingisspecificallybannedbytheArmyFieldManual,anditisplainlyillegalunderthefederalAnti-TortureAct,federalassaultstatutes,theDetaineeTreatmentAct,theConventionagainstTortureandtheGenevaConventions.Itishardtoseehowanynomineeworthyofthepositionofattorneygeneralcouldfailtoanswer"yes".TherealreasontheWhiteHousewouldnotpermitMr.MukaseytoanswerwastherisktofederalofficialswhocarriedoutMr.Bush'sorderstoabuseandtortureprisonersafterthe9/11attacks:thetightanswercouldhaveexposedthemtocriminalsanctions.TherationalesthataccompaniedthevoteinfavorofMr.Mukaseywerenotreassuring.Thepromiseofalawbanningwaterboardingisnocomfort.Itisunnecessary,andevenifitpasses,Mr.Bushseemscertaintovetoit.Infact,itwouldplayintotheadministration'shandsbyallowingittoarguethattortureisnotcurrentlyillegal.TheclaimthatMr.MukaseywilldepoliticizetheJusticeDepartmentlosesitsallurewhenyouconsiderthathewouldnotcommithimselftoenforcingCongressionalsubpoenasintheUnitedStatesattorneys'scandal.AllofthisleavesuswonderingwhetherMr.SchumerandotherDemocraticleadersweremorefocusedonthe2008electionsthanondoingtheirconstitutionalduty.Certainlybeingmade

12tolookweakonterrorismmightmakeitharderforthemtoexpandtheirmajorityWearenotsuggestingtheDemocratsrejecteverypresidentialappointee,orthatthepresident'spreferencesnotbetakenintoaccount.ButDemocratshavedonepreciouslittletoavoidthekindofspectacletheworldsawlastweek:theSenategivingthejobofattorneygeneral,chieflawenforcementofficerintheworld'soldestdemocracy,toamanwhodoesnotevenhavetheintegritytotakeastandagainsttorture.词汇注解’重点单词assume/s'sjurm/【文中释义】V.推断，假设【大纲全义】V.假装;假定,设想;承担，呈现，采取cabinet/*kaebinit/【文中释义】n.内阁【大纲全义】n.内阁，内阁会议;（带玻璃门存物品的）橱拒supervisefsjuipavaiz/【文中释义】V.监督【大纲全义】V.管理，监督court/k3：t/【文中释义】n.法院【大纲全义】n.法院，法庭;宫廷，朝廷;院子;球场slavish/'sleivif/【文中释义】adj.盲目的【大纲全义】adj.奴性的，卑屈的;无独创性的;盲从的simulate/'simjuleit/【文中释义】v.假装【大纲全义】v.模仿，模拟;假装，冒充extract/iks'trsekt/【文中释义】v.获取，提取【大纲全义】v./n.拔出，抽出;摘录n.抽取物;精华;选集razor/'reiza/【文中释义】adj像剃刀一样薄的【大纲全义】n..剃刀sway/swei/【文中释义】V.支配【大纲全义】V.（使）摇动;倾抖挽摇动;影响力ideology/,aidi'Dlad5i/【文中释义】n.意识形态【大纲全义】n.意识形态，（政治或社会的）思想意识

13超纲单词presumptionn.可能性honorablyadv.体面地abetv.怂葱,教唆musterv.召集nomineen.被提名的人denominatorn.限度filibustern.阻挠（的人）culpritn・罪人,犯人reticencen.沉默重点段落译文以前，要确认重要的总统委任，要经过好几道程序一当然首先从政治开始。据推断，总统将会选择志趣相投的人担任内阁成员或者其他需要参议院批准的职位。委任的确认有一个前提就是他的提议要被通过，同时其他事情也是如此。在乔治•布什当总统之前，事实上，还涉及其他一些事情。有专业背景知识的提名者真的能够胜任吗?他会公正无私、正大光明地履行他的职责，履行保护宪法的誓言吗?即使被提名的人符合总统的要求人选，他会代表所有美国人鸣?他或她会尊重国会监督行政机构的权力并尊重法院执法的权力吗？在不到7年的时间里，布什先生己经把上面这个列表缩减到了最低限度：总统应该有选择权。首先，布什先生在盲目的共和党多数派的怂恿下在一个重要的任命即提名哈里特•迈尔斯担任最高法院大法官前裹足不前，当时仅仅因为有人怀疑她跟右翼离得足够远。然而民主党很大程度上也应该受到指责。当他们受到少数人支持时，他们并没有要求布什提名出更好的合适人选。现在，他们已经受到大众的支持，但与以前相比，他们的做法几乎毫无改善。周四，参议院以53票对40票通过对麦卡锡先生的提名，即使他回答不了一个很简单的问题：在他看来，用水刑种模拟溺水的方式来从囚犯口中获取信息是酷刑，因此是违法的吗？民主党人为他们不尽人意的做法寻找各种借口，往往多数情况下是站不住脚的。但我们常说，参议院的任何表决至少需要60票―这个数字足以说服阻挠的人。那为什么麦卡锡先生仅53票就通过呢?如果说民主党不能召集到60票，是共和党成功的阻挠行动在起作用那主要的罪人好像是民主党的领袖，因为他好像毫无兴趣或者没有能力与布什先生对抗。扭转了提名局势的纽约州民主党人士参议员查尔斯•舒默说，如果参议院不通过总统对麦卡锡先生的提名，总统会在“副总统迪克•切尼的极端意识”支配下，用临时委任蒙混过去。他认为，麦卡锡先生会扭转司法部在阿尔贝托•冈萨雷斯时期的政治局面，而他在水刑非法问题上的沉默可能会引发一场辩论，因为参议院正考虑出台一部法律明确说明它的非法性。FromTheEconomistOct.4,20075.CapitalofCultureWashington,DChastraditionallybeenanunbalancedcitywhenitcomestothelifeofthemind.Ithasgreatnationalmonuments,fromtheSmithsonianmuseumstotheLibraryofCongress.Butday-to-dayculturallifecanbethin.Itattractssomeofthecountry'sbestbrains.Butfartoomuchofthecity'sintellectuallifeisdevotedtotheminutiaofthepoliticalprocess.DinnertableconversationcanalllooeasilyturntobudgetreconciliationorsocialsecurityThisischanging.OnOctober1sttheShakespeareTheatreCompanyopeneda775-seatnewtheatreintheheartofdowntown.SidneyHarmanHallnotonlyprovidesanewstageforatheatrecompanythathashithertohadtomakedowiththe450-seatLansburghTheatrearoundthecomer.Itwillalsoprovideaplatformforalargenumberofsmallerartscompaniessuchas

14theWashingtonBallet,theWashingtonBachConsortandtheCityDanceEnsemble.ThefactthatsomanyoftheseoutfitsarequeuinguptoperformistestimonytoWashington'sculturalvitality.Therecently-expandedKennedyCentreisbysomemeasuresthebusiestperformingartscomplexinAmerica.Butitstillhasagrowingnumberofartsgroupswhicharedesperateformid-sizedspacedowntown.MichaelKahn,thetheatrecompany'sartisticdirector,jokesthat,despiteWashington'saversiontokeepingsecrets,ithasmadeaprettygoodjobofkeepingquietaboutitsartisticlife.TheHarmanCentreshouldactasawhistleblower.WashingtonstillbowsthekneetoNewYorkandChicagowhenitcomestoculture.ButithasagoodclaimtobeAmerica'sintellectualcapital.Ithasthegreatestcollectionofthink-tanksontheplanet,anditregularlysucksinagiantshareofthecountry'sbestbrains.WashingtonissecondonlytoSanFranciscofortheproportionofresidents25yearsandolderwithabachelor'sdegreeorhigher.Washington'sintellectuallifehasbeensuperchargedduringtheBushyears,despitetheDecider'saversiontoideas.September11th,2001,putquestionsofglobalstrategyatthecentreofthenationaldebate.MostofAmerica'sintellectualcentresarefirmlyinthegripoftheleft-liberalestablishment.Foralltheirtalkof“diversity“Americanuniversitiesareallergictoadiversityofideas.Washingtonisoneofthefewcitieswhereconservativesregularlydobattlewithliberals.Itisalsothecentreofafiercedebateaboutthefuturedirectionofconservatism.ThedangerforWashingtonisthatthisintellectualandculturalrenaissancewillleavethemajorityofthecitizensuntouched.Thecapitalremainsacitydeeplydividedbetweenover-educatedwhiteitinerantsandunder-educatedblacklocals.Still,thenewShakespearetheatreispartofjob-generatingdowntownrevival.Twentyyearsagodowntownwasadesertofdilapidatedbuildingsandbagpeople.Todayitisbustlingwithlife.IfWashingtonisstrugglingtofixtheworld,atleastitismakingareasonablejoboffixingitself.词汇注解重点单词monument/'mDnjumsnt/【中文释义】n.纪念碑【大纲全义】n.纪念碑，纪念馆，遗迹，不朽的业绩devote/di'vaut/【中文释义】V.投入于【大纲全义】v.(to),奉献，致力，投入于outfit/'autfit/【中文释义】n.机构【大纲全义】n.用具，机构，全套装配;全套服装v.配备，(得到)装备testimony/'testimani/【文中释义】n.证据【大纲全义】n.证据，证词；表明，说明vitality/vai'taeliti/【文中释义】n.生命力，活力【大纲全义】n.生命力，活力，生气；体力desperate/'desparit/【文中释义】adj.不顾一切的-14-【大纲全义】adj.不顾一切的，铤而走险的;绝望的，危急的artistic/a：'tistik/【文中释义】adj.艺术的【大纲全义】adj.艺术（家）的，美术（家）的；善于艺术创作的bow/bau/【文中释义】v.弯腰【大纲全义】v./n.鞠躬，点头；压弯n.弓（形）；蝴蝶结suck/sAk/【文中释义】v.吸收

15【大纲全义】v./n.吸，舐；吸收（取）allergic/S'ldidjik/【文中释义】adj.过敏的【大纲全义】adj.过敏的，患过敏症的：强烈反感的；极讨厌的renaissance/ra'neisans/【文中释义】n.文艺复兴【大纲全义】n.[theR-|文艺复兴（时期）；新生，复兴bustling/'bAslit]/【文中释义】adj.忙乱的【文中释义】adj.熙熙攘攘的，忙乱的超纲单词unbalancedadj.不平衡的minutian.细枝末节，细节reconciliationn调和hithertoadv.到目前为止aversionn.反恶superchargev.增力口负荷left-liberaln.左冀自由派，激进派conservatismn.保守主义itinerantn.巡回者dilapidatedadj.荒废的重点段落译文当谈到精神生活时，华盛顿哥伦比亚特区从传统上来讲一直是一个发展不稳定的城市。从史密森尼博物馆到美国国会图书馆，它拥有很多意义非凡的民族纪念碑。但是日常文化生活却相对匮乏。这个城市吸引了国家的一些最优秀的人才，但这里的市民却津津乐道于政治上的细枝末节，餐桌上的闲聊都能很容易地转到财政预算案和解和社会保障上。这种情况正在发生改变。10月1日，莎士比亚戏剧公司在市中心新建了一座775个座位的新剧院。过去，一些戏剧公司不得不屈就在仅有450个座位的兰斯保罗剧院，悉尼哈曼大剧院的建成不仅为他们提供了一个崭新的舞台，还为许多小型的艺术公司提供了表演平台，如华盛顿芭蕾舞团、华盛顿巴赫合奏团以及城市舞蹈团。这么多机构争相演出的事实正式华盛顿地区文化生命力的有力证明。从很大程度上来讲，最近扩张过的肯尼迪艺术中心是美国最繁忙的综合艺术演出场所。但仍有越来越多的艺术团极力想跻身闹市，占一席之地。肯尼迪戏剧公司的艺术主管迈克尔•卡恩开玩笑说：虽然华盛顿人不善保守秘密，但他们对艺术生活却只字不提。哈曼艺术中心则应该担当告密者的角色。在文化方面，华盛顿仍不如纽约和芝加哥，但是它却有足够的资格成为美国的智力之都。它拥有全国最优秀的智囊团，而且它还不断地吸引大量国家最优秀的人才。在25岁和25岁以上拥有学士或更高学历居民的比例方面，华盛顿仅次于旧金山。尽管执政者厌恶有太多想法的人，但在布什执政期间，华盛顿的卓越才智却已经超负荷了。2011年9月11日，全国辩论中心提出了有关全球战略的一些问题。美国大多数智能团都大力支持组建左翼自由派，因为他们的所有关于“多样化”的谈论以及多样化思维都会遭到美国高校的反对。在少数城市，保守派经常和自由主义者展开争论，华盛顿就是其中之一。它也是关于保守派未来发展方向激烈辩论的中心所在地。华盛顿的困难在于这次智力和文化复兴并没有深入到大多数的市民之中。这座城市仍然是一座在受过充分教育的外来白种人和受教育不足的本地黑人之间存在这明显差异的城市。还有，新的莎士比亚歌剧院为城区经济的复苏提供了部分的工作岗位。20年前，市中心还是一座废墟，到处到时荒废的建筑物和无家可归的人。今天却是一派熙来攘往、欣欣向荣的景象。如果华盛顿想竭力稳定世界，那么它至少应该先制定一个合理的措施保持自身稳定。FromTIMEBy

16DavidWorthOct.29,20076.MysteryManHe'sfamedasthecreatorofSherlockHolmes,butConanDoyle'slettersshowthescopeofhisambitions.Withinthatexclusivegroupofliterarycharacterswhohavesurvivedthroughthecenturies-fromHerculestoHamlettoHuckleberryFinn-fewcanrivaltheculturalimpactorstayingpowerofthatbrilliantsleuth,SherlockHolmes.Sincehisdebut120yearsago,thegauntgentlemanwiththecurvedpipeandatasteforcocaine,themasterofdeductivereasoningandelaboratedisguise,haslefthismarkeverywhere-incrimeliterature,filmandtelevision,cartoonsandcomicbooks.EvenhishomeonBakerStreethasfordecadesbeenoneofLondon'smostpopulartouristdestinations:theSherlockHolmesMuseum.AtHolmes*side,ofcourse,wasDr.Watson-trustedfriend,occasionalaccompliceandengagingnarrator.Loomingevenlarger,however,wasanotherdoctor,onewhosemedicalpracticewassoslowitallowedhimplentyoftimetopursuehisliteraryambition.Hisname:ArthurConanDoyle.Asthecreatorofthesefictionalicons,ConanDoylehashimselfbecomesomethingofacultfigure,theobjectofcountlesscriticalstudies,biographiesandfanclubs.YetonlynowwiththepublicationofArthurConanDoyle：ALifeinLetters,dowehaveacandid,personalportraitofthewriter,withlittleoftheVictorianreserveofhismemoirs,Mastofthenearly1,00()lettersaretohisbelovedmother,MaryDoyle,beginningin1867,whenhewasan8-year-oldboyataJesuitboardingschool,andcontinuinguntil1920,whenMarydied.Thebook'seditors—IwoConanDoylescholarsandtheauthor'sgreat-nephew-alsoprovideplentyofbackgroundmaterial,raredrawingsandphotographs,andrelevantexcerptsfromConanDoyle'sotherworks,makingthisthemostcomprehensivesinglevolumeoutthere.ConanDoylewasborninEdinburghin1859,intoarespectablemiddle-classCatholicfamily.Still,itwasfarfromaneasylife.Therewasneverenoughmoney;theymovedfrequentlyinsearchoflowerrents;andhisfather,acivilservantandillustrator,wasanalcoholicwhohadtobeinstitutionalized.Yettheearlylettersaresurprisinglyupbeat,concernedmainlywithfood,clothes,allowancesandschoolwork.At14camehisfirstunforgettablevisittoLondon,-16-includingMadameTussaud's,wherehewas"delightedwiththeroomofHorrors,andtheimagesofthemurderers".Asuperbstudent,ConanDoylewentontomedicalschool,wherehewasentrancedbyDr.JosephBell,acharismaticprofessorwithanuncannyabilitytodiagnosepatientsevenbeforetheyopenedtheirmouths.ForatimeheworkedasBelFsoutpatientclerkandwouldwatch,amazed,athowthelocationofacalluscouldrevealaman'sprofession,orhowaquicklookataskinrashtoldBellthatthepatienthadoncelivedinBermuda.In1886,ConanDoyle-bynowaneyedoctor-outlinedhisfirstnovel,AStudyinscarlet,whichhedescribedas“asimpletaleofmysterytomakealittleextramoney.'*Itsmaincharacter,initiallycalledSherringfordHopeandlaterrechristenedSherlockHolmes,wasbasedlargelyonbell.ButHolmes'debutwentalmostunnoticed,andthestrugglingdoctordevotednearlyallofhissparetimetowritinglonghistoricalnovelsintheveinofSirWalterScott-novelsthathewasconvincedwouldmakehisreputation.Itwasn'ttobe.In1888,HolmesreappearedinAScandalinBohemia,ashortstoryinStrandMagazine.Animmediatehit,itsherotookthefoggy,crime-riddenLondonofgasstreetlightsandJacktheRipperbystorm-andConanDoyle'slifewouldneverbethesame.Buthequicklytiredofthetales,complainingtohismotherthatHolmes"takesmymindfrombetterthings*'.So,in1893,hesentthedetectiveovertheReichenbachFallsinSwitzerlandduringastrugglewithhisunderworldnemesis,ProfessorMoriarty.''KilledHolmes0wasallConanDoyledeignedto

17scribbleinhisnotebook.Thepublicwasdevastated,aswashismother,butitwouldtake10yearsofpleadingandpressurebeforehegaveinandresurrectedHolmesfromhiswaterygrave.Thelaterlettersarethoseofanimportantpublicfigure,diningwiththeKingandearningaknighthoodwithanimpassioneddefenseofBritain'sroleintheBoerWaratatimewhenworldopinionwasagainstit,notleastduetotheBritishArmy'suseofscorchedearthtactics.Hisfinalyearsweremarkedbytragedy-helosthisbrotherInnesandhissonKingsleytoWorldWarI一andbycontroversy,ashebecameBritain*smostfamousdefenderofspiritualism,convincedofourabilitytocommunicatewiththedeadthroughamedium.（Amongthosehecontacted:hissonandDr.Bell.）Itbroughtpersonalsolaceandpublicridicule.Inoneofhislastletterstohismother,whoneverembracedthesebeliefs,hewrote:"Whatdoesitmatterwhatanyonesaysofme.Ihaveagoodhidebythistime"Afterhisdeathin1930,allofthiswouldbeforgottenandConanDoylewouldbeimmortalizedasthecreatorofSherlockHolmes.Itwasnotthelegacyhewanted-butintheend,itwasnotfbrhimtodecide.词汇注解重点单词curved/k9:vd/【文中释义】adj弯曲的【大纲全义】adj考曲的elaborate/i'laebmet/【文中释义】adj精细的，详尽的，精心的【大纲全义】v./adj精心制作（的）;详细阐述（的）disguise/dis'gaiz/【文中释义7n.假装

18【大纲全义】n./v.彼装，伪装;掩盖，掩饰engaging./in'geidsir）/【文中释义】adj迷人的，有魅力的【大纲全义】adj动人的，迷人的，有魅力的critical/'kritikal/【文中释义】adj.批评的【大纲全义】adj.批评的，评论的;危急，紧要的;临界的rent/rent/【文中释义】n.租金【大纲全义】v.租，租货;以一定租金出租，借出n租金civil/sivl/【文中释义】adj.公民的【大纲全义】adj.介民的，市民的;民间的;民用的;有礼貌的;民事的，民主的allowance/a*iau9ns/【文中释义】n.津贴，零用钱【大纲全义】n.补贴，津贴;零用钱;减价，折扣;允许delighted/dilaitid/【文中释义】adj.高兴的，兴奋的【大纲全义】adj高兴的，兴奋的，喜欢的diagnose/*dai9gnQuz/【文中释义】V.诊断【大纲全义】V.诊断（疾病）;判断（问题）outline/'Butlain/【文中释义】V.草拟，写作【大纲全义】n.枪廊，略图；大纲，梗概V.概述，略述；描…外形，描…轮廓vein/vein/【文中释义】n.风格［大纲全义】n.血管;静脉;叶脉;纹理;情绪;风格u使成脉络convince/k9n*vins/【文中释义】n.使信服，使确信超纲单词sleuthn.侦探gauntadj憔悴的institutionalizev把送交专门机构charismaticadj有魁力的rechristenv.重命名【大纲全义】v.（of）使信服，使确信debutn.初次登场accomplicen.共犯，同谋upbeatadj乐观的rechristenv.重命名crime-riddenadj.充满犯罪行为的，犯罪倡狠的重点段落译文在那一群杰出的千古流传的文学人物中——从海格力斯（大力士）到哈姆雷特，再到哈克贝利•费恩一一在文化影响力或持久力上，没有人能敌过头脑敏锐的侦探福尔摩斯。自从120年前首次亮相以来，这位憔悴的总是叼着弯曲的烟斗、喜好吸烟，并善于演绎推理和精心伪装绅士，在犯罪文学、电影电视及卡通和戏剧作品中到处都留下子自己的身影。

19福尔摩斯身边，华生医生无疑是值得信任的朋友，偶尔也会充当同谋者和吸引的叙述者。然而，如果再深入的话，他最信任的朋友应该是另一位医生。他的医学实践进程缓慢，这样他就有很多时间去实现自己在文学方面的抱负。他的名字是亚瑟•柯南道尔。作为这些虚构偶像的创造者，柯南道尔自己也一定程度上成了一个受顶礼膜拜的人物，成了无数批评性研究的对象、无数传记的主人公和无数粉丝俱乐部的追捧对象。柯南道尔1859年出生于爱丁堡一个受人尊重的中层天主教家庭中。然而，他的生活远非安逸。他们没有足够的钱，为了寻找租金更低的房子经常搬来搬去；并且他身为公务员和插图画家的父亲还是一个不折不扣的被收养教育的酒鬼。然而他早期的信件却出奇的乐观，主要谈论这食物、衣服、津贴和学校功课。14岁时，他有了第一次去伦敦的难忘之行；期间他还参观了图索夫人家，那里“恐怖的房间和杀人犯的图像让他感到兴奋。”作为一位优秀学生，柯南道尔得以进入医学院深造，并被约瑟夫•贝尔医生接收。约瑟夫•贝尔教授有着超凡的魅力，有着在病人开口之前就能对其进行诊断的不可思议的能力。1886年，已经成为眼科医生的柯南道尔完成了他的第一部小说《血字的研究》。该小说被他描述为“用来赚点外快的传奇故事”。其主人公很大程度上是基于贝尔塑造的，开始被命名为歇陵福特•霍普，后改为歇洛克•福尔摩斯。然而福尔摩斯的首次亮相几乎没有引起人们的关注，但这位与瓦尔特•司各特先生有着类似写作风格的医生非常努力，几乎将他全部的空闲时间都用在了他确信会使其成名的长篇历史小说上。事实并非如此。1888年，福尔摩斯再次出现在了刊登在《海滨》杂志上的短片小说《波西米亚丑闻》中。而这次却一炮走红，小说里的主人公给雾蒙蒙的、犯罪猖狂壁并且灯红酒绿、纸醉金迷的伦敦以震撼。从此，柯南道尔的生活展开了新的一页。FromNewsweekByJennieYabroff7.GirlsGoingMild(er)Considerthefollowingstyletipsforgirls:skirtsanddressesshouldfallnomorethanfourfingersabovetheknee.Notanktopswithoutasweaterorjacketoverthem.Chooseabrathathasalittlepaddingtohelpdisguisewhenyouarecold.Thesefashionhintsmaysoundliketheprimmandatesofa1950s^health"film.ButtheyarefromtheWebsiteofPureFashion,amodelingandetiquetteprogramforteengirlswhosegoalis"toshowthepublicitispossibletobecute,stylishandmodest."PureFashionhasputon13showsin2007featuring600models.NationaldirectorBrendaSharmanestimatestherewillbe25showsin2008.Itisnottheonlynewfangledoutletforold-schoolideasabouthowgirlsshoulddress:ModestAPParelUSA.com,ModestByDesign,comandDressModestly.comalladvocateareturntostylesthatleavealmosteverythingtotheimagination.TheycatertowhatwriterWendyShalitclaimsisagrowingmovementofugirlsgonemild"—teensandyoungwomenwhoarerejectingpromiscuous"badgirl*'rolesembodiedbyBritneySpears,BratzDollsandthenameless,shirtlessthousandsin“GirlsGoneWild**videos.Instead,thesegirlscoverup,insistonenforcedcurfewsoncollegecampuses,bringtheirmomsontheirdatesandpledgetostayvirginsuntilmarried.Andtheyspreadtheword:in

20Pennsylvania,agroupofhigh-schoolgirls"girlcotted"Abercrombie&FitchforsellingTshirtswithsuggestiveslogans(whoneedsbrainswhenyouhavethese?).NewlylaunchedElizamagazinebillsitselfasa"modestfashion1'magazineforthe17-to34-year-olddemographic.Macy*shasbeguncarryinggarmentsbyShadeClothing,whichwasfoundedbytwoMormonwomenwantingtrendy,butnot-reveaiing,clothes.AndMissUtahstrodetherunwayofthe2007MissAmericapageantinamodestlycutone-pieceswimsuit.(Shedidn*twinthecrown.)AccordingtoShalit,thisHyouth-ledrebellion”isawelcomecorrectivetoourlicentious,oversexedtimes.Butisthenewmodestytrulyarevolution,orisitmerelyaninevitablereactiontoacultureofincreasedfemalesexualempowerment,similartothebacklashagainstflappersinthe1920sandsecond-wavefeministsinthe1970s?Shalithasmadeacareerofcatalogingthedegradationsofourculturewhilechampioningcrusadesofvirtue.Herfirstbook,“AReturntoModesty,Harguedthatchastitywashot—andinformedreaderssheintendedtoremainavirginuntilherweddingnight.Shalitsaysshewasinundatedwithlettersande-mailfromgirlsdismayedbyculturalpressuretobe"bad."ShebeganaWebsite,ModestyZone.net—thereareatleastadozensimilaronestoddy-andstartedcollectinginformationfrom3,000e-mailexchangesbetween1999and2006.nThere'sadawningawarenessthatmaybenoteveryoneparticipatinginthesebehaviorsishappywiththem,soletsnotassumeeveryonedoingthisisempowered/'shesays.Sheblamestheusualsuspects:media,misguidedfeministprofessors,overlypermissiveparents.SharmanalsopointsafingeratMomsConeWild."Itusedtobethatmomswouldcontrolthewaytheirdaughtersdressed.Butnowwehavethis'DesperateHousewives*culture,andthemomsareasinfluencedbythemediaasthekids,'*shesays."They'velostthesenseofencouragingtheirdaughterstobeladylike.HPureFashion,whichisaffiliatedwiththeRomanCatholicorganizationRegnumChrisri,aimsto”helpyoungladiesmakebetterchoices,"saySharman.Thisnotthefirsttimewomenhavebeenaskedtomakethesechoices.Duringacenturyoftumultovertherolesandrightsofwomen,fashionandsexualexpressionhaveremainedlightningrodsforcontroversy.Theforward-thinkingwomenofthe1920swhocuttheirhair,threwouttheircorsetsanddaredtosmokeinpublicweretheBritneySpearsesandParisHiltonsoftheirday,saysJoshuaZeitz,authorof"Flapper:AMadcapStoryofSex,Style,Celebrity,andtheWomenWhoMadeAmericaModem"."Everythingisrelative—girlsweren*twearingthongsorgettingbikiniwaxes,buttheywerecomingtoschoolinknee-lengthskirts,wearinglipstickandsmoking/'Zeitzsays.HTheconcernatthetimewasthattheculturewassexualizingyounggirls.ThebacklashcameduringtheGreatDepression,whenyouseeamovementtogetwomenbackintothehome,inparttocorrectthiscultureoflicentiousness.**Themostrecentattempttoturnbacktheclockmaybeareactiontoyetanothersexualrevolution:"Gaysandlesbiansarebecomingmainstreamed,womenmakeupmorethanhalfofcollegepopulations,they'rebecomingfullpartnersintheworkplaceandthere'sageneralculturaldeconstructionofwhatgendermeans,'*Zeitzsays.*'Wegothroughwavesofprogressandreaction,butyoucanneverbottlethesethingsbackupfbrreal.0Anotherexplanationmaybethemainstreamingofconservativereligiousvalues.JustaswhatwouldJesusdo,braceletsenjoyedaculturalmomentonparwithrubberlivestrongbands,faith-basedprogramslikePureFashion(whichtheoreticallyanswersthequestion"WhatWouldMaryWear?'*)aregainingacceptanceinthecultureatlarge.Mostmodest-clothingWebsiteshavereligiousunderpinnings,fromMormontoChristiantoMuslim,butattractnonreligious-20-customersaswell.ShalitisanOrthodoxJew,nowmarriedtoarabbi,andmanygirlssheprofilesseereligionasmotivating.uSincethegoodgirltodayisoftensociallyostracized,alotofgirlnaturallyfindsolaceintheirfaithinGod,"shesays.

21Whatmakesthemovementunique,accordingtoShalit,isthatit'stheadultswhoareoftenpushingsexualboundaries,andthekidswhoareslammingonthebrakes."Well-meaningexpertsandparentssaythattheyunderstandkids'wantingtobe"bad9insteadof'good',"shewritesinherbook."Yetthisreversalofadults'expectationsisoftenexperiencednotasagiftoffreedombutanewKindofoppression.'1whichjustmayprovethatrebellingagainstMomandDadisonetrendthatwillnevergooutofstyle.词汇注解：重点单词：hint/hint/【文中释义】n.提示【大纲全义】n.暗示，提示，线索v.暗示，示意cute/kju:t/【文中释义】adj.可爱的【大纲全义】adj.逗人喜爱的，聪明的，伶俐的漂亮的estimate/restimeit/【文中释义】V.估计【大纲全义】v./n.估计，估价；评估outlet/Outlet/【文中释义】n.出路【大纲全义】n.出路，出口；销路，市场;发泄方法；电源插座mild/maild/【文中释义】adj.才温柔的【大纲全义】adj.温和的，轻徽的，味淡的，不含有害物质的，不严重的embody/im'bDdi/【文中释义】V.包含【大纲全义】V.具体表达，使具体化：包含，收录insist/insist/【文中释义】V.坚持【大纲全义】V.(on)坚持要求，坚决主张，坚持campus/'kaempas/【文中释义】n.校园【大纲全义】n.(大学)校园virgin/'v3:d3in/【文中释义】n.处女【大纲全义】n.处女adj.处女的；纯洁的;原始的；未使用的sloganfslaugan/

22【文中释义】n.标语【大纲全义】n.标语，口号garment/'ga:m3nt/【文中释义】n.衣服【大纲全义】n.（一件）衣服rebellion/ri*beljdn/【文中释义】n.反抗，不服从【大纲全义】n.叛乱，反抗，起义inevitable/inrevit9bl/【文中释义】adj.不可避免的【大纲全义】adj.不可避免的，必然发生的controversy/'k3ntr8v9:si/【文中释义】n.争论【大纲全义】n.争论，辫论，论战超纲单词primadj.整洁的，古板的etiquetten.礼节promiscuousadj.混杂的girlcottv.使受妇女的联合抵制thongn.皮带mandaten.要求newfangledadj.街奇的curfewn.宵禁令（时间）demographicadj.人口统计的backlashn.后冲力；反撞重点段落译文看看下列有关女孩子在穿衣风格上的小贴土：短裙和连衣裙摆距膝盖的长度应该在4指以内，吊带衫外面要套一件毛衣或者夹克衫......这些时尚小贴士可能听起来像20世纪50年代的“健康”电影中的古板穿衣指南。不过，它们可是来自“纯粹时尚”网站，该网站上的模特礼仪活动针对以“向公众展示可爱时髦、温文尔雅的女孩形象”为目标的少女。“纯粹时尚”已经在2007年组织600名模特儿演出了13场服装秀。该项目负责人布伦达•莎莱曼估计2008年还将推出25场这样的服装秀。这并非守旧派关于女孩子该如何穿衣等保守思想的唯一一条新奇的出路:ModestApparelUSA.com,ModestByDesign.com以及DresaModestly.com等时尚网站均倡导保守着装风格的回归一一把一切留给想象。这与呼吁少女们“变淑女”的女作家温蒂•沙利特不谋而合一一女孩和少妇们开始拒绝像布兰妮、Bratz娃娃以及《美女也疯狂》视频中数千名衣着暴露的无名女子那样的“坏女孩”。与之相反，她们穿着保守，坚持大学校园的强制熄灯制度，约会时会带上妈妈，并且承诺婚前不发生性行为。而且她们此类言行已经传播开来:在宾夕法尼亚，一群高校女生集体抵制著名服饰品牌“阿贝克隆比・费奇”，就因为该牌子一款T恤衫上印有挑逗性的标语一“当你有这些（暗喻女性胸部），还要头脑做什么？、新发行的时尚杂志《伊丽莎白》自我标榜为“淑女时尚”，主攻17岁到34岁的读者群。Macy's公司已经开始出售由ShadeClothing公司生产的服装。此公司是由两个渴望服饰流行但不暴露的摩门教徒女性创立的。在2007年“美国小姐”竞选中，犹他州小姐穿着一件剪裁保守的连身泳衣欣然登场（她没有赢得桂冠）。在沙利特看来，这股“由年轻人引领的时尚逆流”是对放荡、滥交成风的社会现状的一种矫正。不过，这种“淑女”路线到底是一场革命，还是仅仅作为一次女权主义复兴背景下的必然回归?就如同20世纪20年代的“反时髦少女”和70年代的“第二次浪潮”女权主义者一样？其实，这类要求女性端庄收敛的呼声并非首次出现。关于女性的角色与权利已经闹哄哄地吵了整整一个世纪，衣着与性观念一直是争论的焦点。上个世纪20年代，思想前卫的女性会做的是剪掉长发，拒穿紧身内衣，明目张胆地在公共场合吞云吐雾。《时髦女郎：性、潮流、名声的璀璨年华，创造美国时尚的女性们》一书的作者约舒亚•赞茨认为，小甜甜布兰妮与帕丽斯•

23希尔顿的举止实质上跟大半个世纪之前的她们并无区别。“凡事都是相对的一女孩们虽不再系皮带，不再给比基尼部位除毛，但取而代之的是学校里随处可见的超短裙、口红与香烟。”赞茨说：“目前人们担心这种文化正使少女们变得性开放。在20年代，时髦女郎现象后随之而来的是妇女回归家庭运动，上世纪20年代末的经济危机促进了这一点，某种程度上亦纠正了当时滥交的风潮。”FromTheNewYorkTimesByBenjaminNugentJuly29,20078.Who*saNerd,Anyway?Whatisanerd?MaryBucholtz,alinguistattheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaBarbara,hasbeenworkingonthequestionforthelast12years.Shehasgonetohighschoolsandcolleges,mainlyinCalifornia,andaskedstudentsfromdifferentcrowdstothinkabouttheideaofnerdinessandwhoamongtheirpeersshouldbeconsideredanerd;studentshavealso"reported”themselves.Nerdiness,shehasconducted,islargelyamatterofraciallytingedbehavior.Peoplewhoareconsiderednerdstendtoactinwaysthatare,assheputsit,“hyperwhite".Whiletheword"nerd"hasbeenusedsincethe1950s,itsoriginremainselusive.Nerds,however,areeasytofindeverywhere.Beinganerdhasbecomeawidelyacceptedandevenproudidentity,andnerdshavecarvedoutacomfortablenicheinpopularculture;"nerdcore°rappers,whowearpocketprotectorsandwritepaeanstocomputerroutingdevices,areinvogue,andTVnetworkscontinuetorunshowswithtitleslike“BeautyandtheGeek".Asalinguist,Bucholtzunderstandsnerdinessfirstandforemostasawayofusinglanguage.Ina2001paper,fcfcTheWhitenessofNerds:SuperstandardEnglishandRacialMarkedness",andotherworks,includingabookinprogress,Bucholtznotesthatthe"hegemonic**Mcoolwhite,'kidsusealimitedamountofAfrican-AmericanvernacularEnglish;theymaysay“blood"inlieuof“friend,“ordropthe"g”in“playing”.Butthenerdsshehasinterviewed,mostlywhitekids,punctiliouslyadheretoStandardEnglish.TheyoftenfavorGreco-LatinatewordsoverGermanicones("it'smyobservation"insteadof"Ithink"),apreferencethatlendsanairofscientificdetachment.TheyYeawaretheyspeakdistinctivelyandtheyuselanguageasabadgeofmembershipintheircliques.OnenerdgirlBucholtzobservedperformedatypicallynerdyfeatwhenaskedtodiscuss“blood”asaslangterm;shereplied:"B-I-O-O-D.Thewordisblood/evokingtheformatofaspellingbee.Shewenton,''That'sthestuffwhichisinsideofyourveins/'humorouslyusingaliteraldefinitionNerdsarenotsimplyvictimsoftheprevailingsocialcodesaboutwhat*sappropriateandwhat'scool;theyactivelyshapetheirownidentitiesandputthosecodesinquestion.ThoughBucholtzusestheterm“hyperwhite”todescribenerdlanguageinparticular,sheclaimsthatthe“symbolicresourcesofanextremewhiteness*'canbeusedelsewhere.Afterall,trendsinmusic,dance,fashion,sportsandlanguageinavarietyofyouthsubculturesareoftentraceabletoanAfrican-Americansource,butunlikethestylesofcoolEuropeanAmericanstudents,innerdiness,African-Americancultureandlanguagedonotplayevenacovertrole.Certainly,“hyperwhite“seemsagoodwordforthesartorialchoicesofparadigmaticnerds.Whileastereotypicalblackyouth,fromthezoot-suiterathroughtheblingyears,wearsflashyclothes,chosenfortheiraestheticvalue,nerdyclothingispurelypractical:pocketprotectors,beltsheathsfbrgadgets,shortshortsforexcessiveheat,etc.Indeed,"hyperwhile“worksasadescriptionfbrnearlyeverythingweintuitivelyassociatewithnerds,whichiswhyHollywoodhaslongtradedinjokesthattrytocapitalizeontheemotionaldissonanceofnerdsactingblack(EugeneLevysaying,"Yougotmestraighttrippin,boo")andblackpeoplebeingnerds(thecharactersUrkelandCarltoninthesitcoms"FamilyMatters"and"TheFresh

24PrinceofBycultivatinganidentityperceivedaswhitetothepointofexcess,nerdsdenythemselvestheauraofnormalitythatisusuallyoneoftheperksofbeingwhite.Bucholtzseessomethingtoadmirehere.IndecliningtoappropriateAfrican-Americanyouthculture,thereby"refusingtoexercisetheracialprivilegeuponwhichwhiteyouthculturesarefounded/shewrites,nerdsmayevenbeviewedas"traitorstowhiteness.nYoumightsaytheyknowthataculturebasedontheftisaculturenotworthhaving.Ontheotherhand,thecodeofconspicuousintellectualisminthenerdcliquesBucholtzobservedmayshutout“blackstudentswhochosenottoopenlydisplaytheirabilities.^^ThisisespeciallydisturbingatatimewhenAfrican-AmericanstudentscanbestigmatizedbyotherAfrican-Americanstudentsifthey'retooobviouslydiligentaboutschool.Evenmoreproblematic,"Nerds'dismissalofblackculturalpracticesoftenledthemtodiscountthepossibilityoffriendshipwithblackstudents/'evenifthenerdswereinvolvedinpoliticalactivitieslikeprotestingagainstthedismantlingofaffirmativeactioninCaliforniaschools.Ifnerdiness,asBucholtzsuggests,canbearebellionagainstthecoolwhitekidsandtheiruseofblackculture,it'sarebellionwithalimitedmembership.词汇注解重点单词origin/MDrid5in/【文中释义】n.起源【大纲全义】n.起源，由来；出身，来历；血统elusive/i'iju:siv/【文中释义】adj.难捉摸的【大纲全义】adj.难懂的，易忘的，难捉摸的foremost/T3imaust/【文中释义】adj.最初的【大纲全义】adj.最先的；最初的：主要的adv.首要的punctiliously/pAqk'tiliasli/【文中释义】adv.一丝不苟的【大纲全义】adv.一丝不苟的adhere/ad'nia/【文中释义】V.附【大纲全义】V.(to)黏着；坚持，遵宁；依附，追随

25detachment/di'taetjmant/【文中释义】n.分离【大纲全义】n.脱离，分离，拆开badge/baeds/【文中释义】n.象征【大纲全义】n.徽章，像章；标记；象征；记号feat/fi:t/【文中释义】n.壮举【大纲全义】n.功绩，伟业，技艺evoke/i'vauk/【文中释义】v.唤起【大纲全义】V.换起，引起format/'f3:maet/【文中释义】n.设计【大纲全义】n.（出版物的）开本，版式，格式v.设计：安排vein/vein/【文中释义】n.静脉【大纲全义】n.血管；静脉；叶脉；纹理；情绪v.使成脉络traceable/'treisabl/【文中释义】adj.可追踪的【大纲全义】adj.可追踪（追溯）的；起源于……的aesthetic/i：s'0etik/【文中释义】adj.美学的【大纲全义】adj.美学的，艺术的；审美的超纲单词tingedadj.有些许的voguen.时髦blingn.绚丽的珠宝rappern.交谈者vernacularn.本国语sheathn.外皮paeann.凯歌cliquen.集团dissonancen不一致重点段落译文,什么是书呆子?加利福尼亚的圣塔芭芭拉大学的语言学家玛丽•布霍尔特兹在过去的12年里一直致力于研究该问题。她去过一些高中和大学，其中大部分是在加利福尼亚州，并要求学生从不同人群的角度去思考一下对书呆子有什么想法以及他们同龄人中谁会被认为是书呆子，当然这些学生也得“报告”自己的看法。她总结认为书呆子在很大程度上被认为是一种略带种族色彩的行为。根据她的说法，那些被认为是书呆子的人喜欢以所谓的“超白人化”的方式来做事。然而自从20世纪50年代开始使用“书呆子”一词开始，该词的来源一直是个谜。然而书呆子们却随处可见。社会已经普遍接受了书呆子这个身份，甚至还引以为傲，并且书呆子们已经设法在流行文化中站稳了脚跟。穿着衬衣口袋护套，为电脑路由设备写赞歌的“书呆子核”说唱歌手大行其道。电视网络继续播放以“美女与野兽”为主题的电视节目o作为一名语言学家布霍尔特兹首先把书呆子这个词看作是一种使用语言的途径，从而达到理解这个词的目的。2001年一份名为“书呆子的白人性:超标准英语和种族标记性”的论文和其他一些著作……但是她所采访的书呆子大多数都是来自美国白人家庭的孩子，而且一丝不苟地坚持使用标准英语。相对于日耳曼语系的单词他们往往更青睐古典拉丁文字(用it'smyobservation取代Ithink),

26这种偏爱导致了学术分离。他们意识到他们的发音与众不同，而且他们还将语言作为进人群体身份的象征。一个接受布霍尔特兹研究的书呆子女生曾表演了一个典型的书呆子壮举，当她被要求去讨论俚语中的“blood”时，她答道：“B-L-O-O-D。这个单词就是“blood"。从而引发了一场拼字比赛。她幽默地使用单词的字面含义继续说：“这就是你身体血管中流淌着的液体。”盛行的社会准则规定什么是受欢迎的，什么是不受欢迎的，书呆子不仅仅只是这些准则的受害者，而且他们还积极塑造自我形象并质疑这些社会准则。尽管布霍尔特兹喜欢用“超白人化”一词来特指书呆子，但她还声称“这种极端白人文化的符号资源”随处可见。毕竟，“音乐、舞蹈、时尚、运动和文化的流行趋势以及多种青年亚文化群的语言经常可追溯到非洲裔美国人”，但是与欧洲裔美国学生的酷风格不同的是，在书呆子文化中非洲美国文化与语言没有发挥作用甚至起到变相的作用。当然，对于一个典型的书呆子来说，在融合的选择中“超白人化”是一个绝好的措词。不管是高腰窄裤的华丽男装年代还是到了流行闪光配饰的时代，典型的黑人青年都会根据他们的审美标准，选择浮华张扬的服饰；而书呆子服饰却绝对是讲究实用：衬衣口袋护罩，腰带上装东西的皮套，凉快的短裤等等。事实上，“超白人化”可以和所有我们直觉上觉得和书呆子有关的所有事物联系起来。这就是为什么好莱坞长期以来都喜欢用这神感觉上的不协调来开玩笑：行为黑人化的书呆子，抑或是书呆子化的黑人。FromTheEconomistSept.6,20079.AMatterofSovereignty“Youaskedforit,nowlivewithit."Thatwas,inessence,themessagespreadbyMicrosoft*slobbyistsaftertheEuropeanCourtofFirstInstanceupheldalandmarkantitrustrulingagainsttheworld'slargestsoftwarefirmonSeptember17th,dealingitthemoststingingdefeatinnearlyadecadeofantitrustlitigation.Emboldenedbythisdecision,Europe*santi-monopolysquadwillnowgoafterothertechnologyfirmswithhighmarketshares,thelobbyistswarn,forcingthemtogiveupvaluableintellectualpropettyandcurbingtheincentivetoinnovate.YetitisunlikelythatthatNeelieKroes,theEuropeanUnion(EU)competitioncommissioner,willnow"beleadingaprisonmarchoftheword'smostsuccessfulfirmsthroughherBrusselsdoors*',asonelobbyistputit.Thejudgment'sconsequencesarefar-reaching,butinadifferentway.Ifitisnotoverturned-asEconomistwenttopress,Microsofthadnotsaidwhetheritwouldmakeafinalappeal-thefirmwill,ineffect,losemuchofitssovereigntyoverthevirtualterritorystakedoutbyitsWindowsoperatingsystem.MicrosoftendedupinthedockinbothEuropeandAmericabecauseittriedtoprotectandextenditsWindowsmonopolyintwoways.OnewasbybundlingothertypesofsoftwarealongwithWindows,notablyitswebbrowser,amovethattriggeredtheantitrustactioninAmerica.Itsotherapproach,whichlayattheheartoftheEuropeancase,wastowithholdinformationfromrivalsthatwouldhaveallowedtheirsoftwareto"interoperate"wellwithWindowsoveranetwork.WithanewRepublicanpresidentinpower,America'scompetitionauthoritiesdecidedin2002nottopursuethecasechampionedbytheClintonWhiteHouseandinsteadnegotiatedasettlementwithMicrosoft.Thisnconsentdecree*',largepartsofwhichwillexpireinNovember,amountedtolittlemorethanaslaponthewrist.ItfailedtoadministeranypenaltyandletMicrosoftaddnewsoftwareelementstoWindowssolongasPC-makerswereallowedtoaddrivalproductstoo.Theprovisionregardinginteroperabilitywasalsolimited:therequirementtoprovidethenecessary"communicationprotocolsHappliedonlytotheversionofWindowsthatrunsonindividualPCs,andnottheonerunningontheserversthatdishupdataoncorporatenetworks.TheEuropeanCommission'sinitialrulingagainstMicrosoftin2004canbeseenasanattempttoaddresstheseshortcomings.ThecommissionorderedMicrosofttosellaversionofWindowswithoutits

27media-playersoftware,theboneofcontentioninEuropewhenitcomestobundling.ItruledthatthefirmhadtoprovideinformationonhowtointeroperatewithWindowsservers.Thecommissionalsoimposedafineof$497m($613m)»whichhassincegrownto$777m($990m)becauseitdeterminedthatMicrosoftwasnotfullycomplyingwithitsdecision.TheEuropeancourthasnowupheldtheseremedies.Evenmoreimportantly,itlargelyendorsedthecommission'slegalreasoning.Itargued,forinstance,thatwithholdinginformationthatisneededforPCsandserverstoworktogetherconstitutesanabuseofadominantpositionifitkeepsothersfromdevelopingrivalsoftwareforwhichthereispotentialconsumerdemand.Insuchcases,theinformationcannotberefusedevenifitisprotectedbyintellectual-property-rights,asMicrosofthadargued.Withitsruling,thecourthassetaprecedentthatmeansWindowsisnolongersimplyprivatepropertywithwhichMicrosoftcandoasitpleases.Andthiswillcertainlyapplytoanyotherfirmthatmanagestobuildasimilarlycrucialandlong-lastingdigitalmonopoly.Eventoday,withsoftwareincreasinglydeliveredasaserviceovertheinternet,Windowsisprotectedbysomethingknownasthe"applicationbarriertoentry'1,meaningthatsomanyprogramsrunonitthatrivalshaveahardtimegettingusersandsoftwaredeveloperstoswitch.Yet,whateverthelobbyistssay,Europeanregulatorsareunlikelytogoaftereverytechnologyfirmwithabigmarketshare.Therearenotmanysimilarlydominantcomputerplatforms,whatismore,mostofthepotentialinvestigationsthatmayfollowaredifferentinkindfromtheactionagainstMicrosoft.InthecaseofQualcomm,forinstance,competitorshavecomplainedthatitischargingexcessiveroyaltiesfoxitspatentsonmobile-phonetechnologies.InthecaseofApple,commissionofficialshavealreadysaidthattheyarewaryofproposalstoforcethefirmtoopeniTunes,itsonlinemusicstore,tomusic-playersotherthanitsiPod;aseparateinvestigationintoiTunesconcernsvariationsinpricingbetweenEuropeancountries,ratherthantechnologicallock-in.EventhecontinuinginvestigationofIntelisnotdirectlycomparabletotheMicrosoftcase.Theworld'sbiggestchipmaker,thecommissioncharges,hasusedabusivetacticssuchasofferingrebatestopreventcomputer-makersfromusingchipsmadebyitsrival,AMD.Forthetimebeing,thecommissioncanapplytheprecedentssetbytheMicrosoftrulinginonlyonecase:Google,theworld'sleadingweb-searchandonline-advertisingfirm.JustasAmerica'sFederalTradeCommissionisnowdoing,theEU,scompetitionauthoritieswilllookcloselyatGoogle'splannedtakeoverofDoubleClick,anotherleaderinonlineadvertising.AndifGooglebecomesacentralstoragevaultfordatasuchasusers'locationandidentity,assomefear,Europeanregulatorsmayonedaytrytocompelthefirmtogiverivalsopenaccesstothisinformation-ratherastheyhavenowforcedMicrosofttoreleaseitscommunicationprotocols.Microsoftitselfisnotoutoflegaltrouble,evenifitchoosesnottoappeal.Thecommissionhasyettodeterminewhethertheinformationthefirmhassuppliedwillreallyensureinteroperability.Stillopen,too,istheissueofhowmuchMicrosoftcanchargefirmsthatwanttolicenseitsprotocols.ThenthereisthequestionofwhetherMicrosoftshouldbeforcedtolicense,theinformationtomakersofopen-sourcesoftware.Thefirmarguesthatthiswouldbetantamounttogivingawaytheshop,butthecommissionthinksitwouldpromotecompetitionbyadvancingopen-sourcerivalstoMicrosoffsproducts.AndfurtherinvestigationsmayyetfollowintoOffice,Microsoft'sdominantsuiteofbusinesssoftware,andVista,thelatestversionofWindows.NowonderMicrosoftisstokingfearsthatthecommissionplanstogoonanantitrustrampage.IthaspromptedapoliticalbacklashthatmaydiscouragetheEUfromstayingonthecase.InAmericathetalkisofa"newformofprotectionism".AftertheEuropeancourt'sdecisionThomasBarnett,theheadoftheantitrustdivisionoftheDepartmentofJustice,warnedthatitnmayhavetheunfortunateconsequenceof

28harmingconsumersbychillinginnovationanddiscouragingcompetition".WiththisjudgmentEuropeandAmericahaveclearlymovedfurtherapartinantitrustmatters.Butwhether,assomefear,thesedifferencesturnintoafull-blowntransatlanticconflictremainstobeseen.Afterall,theadministrationinWashingtonwillprobablyhavechangedseveralmoretimesbeforetheMicrosoftcasefinallydrawstoaclose.词汇注解重点单词essence/'esns/【文中释义】n.本质，精髓【大纲全义】n.本质，实质；精髓，精华stinging/'stir)ir]/【文中释义】adj.激烈的【大纲全义】adj.有刺毛的；刺痛的：尖锐的；激烈的intellectual/,inti'lektjual/【文中释义】adj智力的，知性的，聪明的【大纲全义】n.知识分子adj.智力的，理智的有理解力的curbfk9：b/【文中释义】V.抑制【大纲全义】V.抑制，约束commissioner/ka'mijana/【文中释义】n.委员，理事，行政长官【大纲全义】n.专员，委员;驻一国的高级代表；长官overturn/,auvata:n/【文中释义】v.推翻，颠倒【大纲全义】n.倾覆，破灭，革命v.打翻，推翻

29颠倒sovereigntyfsovrinti/【文中释义】n.主权，独立国【大纲全义】n.主权；君权，统治权；主权国家champion/'tjSmPjan/【文中释义】v.保卫，拥护【大纲全义】n.冠军，得胜者；拥护者，斗士consent/ken'sent/【文中释义】n.同意，许可【大纲全义】v./n.(to)同意，赞成，答应decree/di'kri:/【文中释义】n.法令，判决【大纲全义】n.法令，命令，政令；教令V.颁布命令dish/dish/【文中释义】v上莱【大纲全义】n.碟子，盘子，菜肴v.上莱超纲词汇lobbyistn.活动议案通过者，说客antitrustadj.反托拉斯的emboldenv.给壮胆，鼓励bundlev.捆interoperatev.互操作interoperabilityn.互操作性，互用性litigationn.诉讼，起诉upholdv.支持squadn.班，小队，小集团重点段落译文“所求故同在。”基本上，这是微软公司的游说人员在欧洲法院9月17日对其做出初审判决后对外宣传的信息。这次的裁定，也是近十年来最重要的一桩反托拉斯胜诉案，对微软公司这个世界上最大的软件公司具有里程碑意义。游说人员警告说，这个案子的胜诉将鼓舞欧洲的反垄断组织对其他具有较高市场份额的技术公司下手，迫使这些公司放弃其知识产权，因此而抑制他们鼓励创新的激情。但正如一位游说者所说，欧盟竞争委员会委员克罗斯(NeelieKroes)还不可能容许世界上最成功的公司进人布鲁塞尔之门。但在另一方面，审判结果是具有深远影响的。如果这个议案不被推翻的话一一正如之前《经济学家》所作的评论那样，微软并没有宣布他们究竟是否会做最后的上诉一结果，那么微软公司无疑会丧失大量由其Windows操作系统所支撑占有的市场份额。最终，欧洲和美国都将微软公司推上了被告席，这是因为该公司企图通过两种方式来保护和扩大其Windows系统的垄断地位。一方面微软公司将自身的其他软件，也就是著名网络浏览器(webBrowser)和“视窗”操作系统的“捆绑”行为，在美国引发了一场反托拉斯行动。另一方面，在欧洲，核心问题在于微软公司拒绝向服务器行业的竞争对手提供相关技术信息，导致后者开发的软件无法与微软“视窗”操作系统充分兼容。如今在共和党总统执政的背景下，美国的反垄断当局2002年决定终止此案，而采取与微软公司协商的方式来解决问题，且此案当年得到了克林顿政府的支持。这个所谓的“令

30人满意的解决方案”十月份将到期。它充其量只能算是一个轻微的处罚，并允许微软公司向Windows系统中添加新的程序，前提是个人电脑制造商也可以添加竞争性产品。此外，涉及兼容性问题的条款也是有限度的:提供必要的“信息交流草案”，也只不过是针对与个人电脑用户版本的Windows系统，而公司网上用于处理保存资料的Windows版本将不提供这一服务。FromTIMEByBarbaraKiviatApr.23,20079.WordontheStreetPsst...yourfriendsmaybeshillingfbrasoapcompany.Whypeoplelovemarketingbywordofmonth.Thenexttimesomeoneyouknowravesaboutadishdetergentormotoroil,considerthis:youmightbeonthereceivingendofamarketingcampaign.It'sanewworldforpeoplewhosejobitistosellyouthings,whatwithconsumers*digitalvideorecorder-enabledabilitytoskipoveradstheydon'twanttosee,andtheirInternet-empoweredfreedomtofindoutallthestuffleftoutofa30-sec.TVspot.That'sdrivingmarketerstoallsortsofnewplaces,includingyourcircleoffriends.Procter&Gamble,apioneerinthefield,hasbeenfocusingonwordofmouthfoxsixyearsthroughitsTremordivision,whichhasenlisted255,000teenagersintheUS.totelltheirfriendsaboutbrandslikeHerbalEssencesandOldSpice.Lastyear,P&Gsignedup500,000adultvolunteers,allmothers,forVbcalpoint,aprograminwhichthemomsevangelizeaboutpetfood,papertowelsandhaircolor.P&Ggivesthewomenmarketingmaterialsandcoupons,buttheyarefreetosaywhatevertheylike(ornothingatall)abouttheproducts.BzzAgent,afirmthatspecializesinword-of-mouthmarketing,hasits260,000volunteerssubmitdetailedprofilesabouttheirhabitsandinterests,whichBzzAgentusestomatchthemtoword-of-mouthcampaignsforproductsmadebycompaniessuchasNestle,Arby*s,Philips,KraftandBP.Thisunscriptedstrategymightsoundlikeabigrisk,butdespitetheconventionalwisdomthatconsumersaremuchmorelikelytovoicecomplaintsthanpraise,recentresearchfindstheopposite.Inonestudy,AndreaWojnicki,anassistantprofessorattheUniversityofToronto,lookedatself-styledexpertsandfoundthattheywerelikelytokeepnegativeexperiencestothemselves,lesttheirskill-at,say,pickingarestaurant-becalledintoquestion.Andwhyarethesecitizenmarketerssowillingtoshillforfree?Insideaccesstoproductsandthefeelingthatcompaniescareaboutwhatyouandyourfriendsthinkaresuchstrongmotivatingforcesthatotherformsofcompensationpaleincomparison.BzzAgenfsmembersearnrewardpoints,whichtheycancashinforprizeslikeDVDsandbooks-yet87%ofthemneverdo.Wordofmouthhasbeenaroundforages-HTrytheapple,"saidEve-anditcontinuestoproveresilient.AconsultancycalledtheKelleyFayGroupfoundthat18%ofword-of-mouthmarketingtookplaceonthephone,and72%facetoface,despitetheubiquityofelectroniccommunication.Orperhapsbecauseofit.uInundatedbyads,“saysTremorCEOSteveKnox,''Consumershavegonebacktotheirmosttrustedsource-familyandfriends."Naturally,somepeoplearen'thappyaboutmarketers1followingthemthere.In2005theadvocacygroupCommercialAlertaskedtheFederalTradeCommissiontoinvestigate-30-company-fedwordofmouthandotherbuzztactics,whichthegroupsaystakeauthenticrelationshipsandundulycommercializethem.Notallfirmsaskwordofmoutherstodisclosetheircorporateconnection,buttheWordofMouthMarketingAssociationrequiresits400-oddmemberstodosoaspartofitsethicscode.Theremightalsobeabusinesscasefordisclosure.Wordofmouthisbuiltontrust,

31explainsGeraldZaltman,asociologistandprofessoremeritusatHarvardBusinessSchool.Fessingupreinforcesthat.Butperhapsthebiggestlessoncompaniescanlearnfromwordofmouthersisthatthere'sanunmetsocialneedamongconsumerstofeelthattheiropinionsmatter."Theycarewhatyouhavetosay,"saysCarolEngels,aVbcalpointmotherinsuburbanChicago."That'swhatIlikemost'*Smartcompaniesfindthat,whentheylisten,theyalsogetashotatsteeringtheconversation.词汇注解重点单词campaign/kaem'pein/【文中释义】n.活动【大纲全义】n.战役；活动；运动v.参加（或发起）运动，参加竞选skip/skip/【文中释义】V.跳过【大纲全义】V略过，跳过;故意忽略;跳绳n.跳跃enlist/in'list/【文中释义】v.征集【大纲全义】v.征幕，参与，支持essence/*es9ns/【文中释义】n.精华【大纲全义】n.本质，实质;精髓，精华specialize/'spefalaiz/【文中释义】v.专攻【大纲全义】v.（in）专攻，专门研究，专业化submit/sab'mit/【文中释义】v.递交【大纲全义】V.（to）使服从，屈服;（to）呈送，提交;主张，建议profile/'praufail/【文中释义】n.概要【大纲全义】n.侧面（像）；轮廓，外形;人物简个姿态，形象；引人注目的状态v.为......描绘（轮廓等），写……的传略（或概况）access/'aekses/【文中释义】n.使用权【大纲全义】n.通道，入口；进入，接入；接近（或进入，享受）机会；享用权；入口V.存取motivate/'mautiveit/【文中释义】V.刺激【大纲全义】V.促动;激动，鼓励，作为......的动机suburban/so'bo:b?n/【文中释义】adj市郊的（城郊的）【大纲全义】adj市郊的（城郊的）shot/Jot/【文中释义】n.尝试【大纲全义】n.开枪，射击;投篮;弹丸，炮弹，子弹;尝试;镜头，拍摄;注射steer/stia/【文中释义】v.驾驭【大纲全义】n.钢v.使坚强超纲单词ravev.叫嚷，咆哮detergentn.清洁剂evangelizev传播unscriptedadj不用草稿的，不成文的shillv.为当浪用编子resilientn.有弹力的ubiquityn.到处存在inundaten.泛滥，淹没mouthern.吹牛的人unmetadj.未满足的重点段落译文

32下一次，当你认识的人向你声情并茂地介绍碟子洗涤剂或电动机润滑油时，考虑一下：你或许正是某种营销活动针对的对象。对那些向你推销东西的人来说这是一个全新的世界:销售那些消费者用数码录像机跳过他们不想看到的广告，他们的因特网在30秒内有权自由找出所有遗漏的材料一现场电视片断。这些促销活动已经渗透到各种新的地方，包括你的朋友圈中。该领域的先驱宝洁公司，通过旗下的特莱默营销公司一直注重口碑营销已有6年了。特莱默营销公司在美国已物色到22.5万个青少年，并让他们向他们的朋友宣传保洁公司的品牌，如草本精华及陈年香料。去年，宝洁公司为Vocalpoint活动召集了50万成人志愿者,这些志愿者都是母亲。Vocalpoint这个项目是让妈妈们宣传宠物食品、纸巾和染发剂的计划。宝洁给予妇女营销材料和礼券，但她们可以自由对商品发表意见（或者不置一词）。BzzAgent是一家专门从事口碑营销的公司，拥有26万志愿者，他们提交了详细地有关自己的习惯和兴趣的概况，Bzzagent公司根据这些情况有针对性地让他们宣传如雀巢、Arby,s,飞利浦、卡夫和英国石油等公司生产的产品。这个不成文的策略听起来像是充满了风险，尽管传统的观点认为这种营销方式使得消费者更有可能投诉而不是称赞，最近的研究发现恰恰相反。在一项研究中，多伦多大学的助理教授安德列•沃基根观察发现那些自封的专家们很可能保持自己的消极经历，除非他们的技能一譬如说，选择一间餐厅一受到质疑。为什么这些市民营销人员如此乐意被免费雇佣为骗子呢?可以在内部获得产品且感受公司关心你和你朋友的想法。如此强大的激励手段使得其他形式的补偿金在比较中显得十分苍白。Bzzagent的会员赚取报酬积分点，它们能替代现金获取奖品，如数码影像光碟和书籍一然而87%的人从来没有得到过。口碑营销已经流传多年了。伊夫说；“试试苹果牌。”它继续证明有弹性。一个名叫凯勒飞的团体的顾问发现:尽管电子通信无处不在，或许就因为这样，仍有18%的口碑营销是通过电话进行的，72%是面对面的。Tremor首席执行官史蒂夫•诺克斯说:“因为广告铺天盖地，消费者回到了原处，回到了他们最信任的来源，家庭和朋友」但公司们从口碑营销者中得到的最大经验就是消费者有一个未能满足的社会需要，那就是消费者认为他们的意见很重要。在芝加哥郊区的Vacalpoint的母亲卡罗尔•恩格斯说:“他们关心你要说的，这就是我最喜欢的」当他们倾听时，明智的公司也会试着驾驭谈话。FromTheNewYorkTimesByDavidLeonhardtMay23,2007Wed.9.WorthaLot,butAreTheyWorthIt?WhenInstitutionalInvestor'sAlphamagazinereleaseditsannuallistofthehighestpaidhedgefundmanagerslastmonth,itallowedtherestofustoplayanentertaininglittleparlorgame:whatcouldyoubuyifyoumadeasmuchmoneyasthoseguys?JamesSimons,a69-year-oldmathematicianwhowasatthetopofthelist,earned$1.7billion,whichequaledtheamountofmoneythatthefederalgovernmentspentlastyearrunningitsvastnetworkofnationalparks.DownatNo.3onthelist,EdwardS.LampertofGreenwich,Conn.;theinvestorwhoownsalargechunkofSears,made$1.3billion,which,ifyouforgetabouttaxes,wouldhaveallowedhimtobuytheentireeconomicoutputofSierraLeone.We'retalkingaboutrealmoneyhere.Today,Alphamagazinewillreleaseanotherbiglist;andthisoneoffersachancetoansweranother,arguablymoreimportant,question:Arethesebillionairehedgefundmanagersreallyworthit?Thereasonhedgefundsarealicensetoprintmoneyistheirfeestructure.Atypicalfundchargesa2percentmanagementfee,whichmeansthatitkeeps2centsofeverydollarthatitmanages,regardlessofperformance.Mutualfunds,onaverage,chargeabout1percent.Ontopofthemanagementfee,hedgefundsalsotakeabigcut-usuallyatleast20percent-ofanyprofitsthatexceedapredeterminedbenchmark.

33Soinagoodyear,afund'smanagersbringinstunningamountsofmoney,andinabadyear,theystilldoverywell.Somequickmathshowswhy:2percentofa$5billionportfolio,whichwasroughlythecutoffformakingAlpha'slistofthe100largestfunds,equals$100million.Afund'smanagersgettotakethatfeeeverysingleyear.Lastyearwasactuallyaprettytoughyearfortheindustry.Becausehedgefundstendtomakealotofcountercyclicalbets-thusthename-theycanoftenturnaprofitevenwhenThestockmarketfalls.Whenit'srisingbroadly,though,manystruggletokeepup.Lastyear,theStandard&Poor's500-stockindexjumped14percent,whiletheaveragehedgefundreturnedlessthan13percent,afterinvestmentfees,accordingtoHedgeFundResearchinChicago.Butthemen-andtheyareallmen-whoappearonAlpha'slistoftopearnersdon'tmanageaveragehedgefunds.Theymanagethebiggestfundsintheworld,theonesthatarewinningtheDarwiniancompetitionforcapital,andmanyofthemaren*thavinganytroublebeatingthemarket.OneofthefundsatMr.Simons'sfirm,RenaissanceTechnologies,deliveredanetreturnof21percentlastyear.Theotherreturned44percentafterfees.AndMr.Simons,whoreliesonafantasticallycomplexsetofalgorithms,doesn*tcharge"2and20"-asthetypicalindustryfeesarecalled.Hecharges"5and44”—a5percentmanagementfeeand44percentofprofits-yethe

34hasstillbeendoingverywellbyhisinvestorsforalmosttwodecades.Irealizethatalotofpeoplefind9-and10-figureincomestobeinherentlyexcessive.Orevenimmoral.Fromastrictlyeconomicpointofview,however,theyarealsoperfectlyrational.Youcannot-findanyoneelsewhoisprovidingthesamereturnsasthebesthedgefundmanagersatalowerprice.Ifyoudon'tlikeit,youdon'thavetogivethemyourmoney.(Evenifyoudolikeit,theyprobablywon'ttakeyourmoney:Inexchangeforbeinglightlyregulated,hedgefundsareopenonlytowealthyinvestorsandbiginstitutions.)Thankstotheirincredibleperformance,thebiggestfundshavegrownfarbiggerinrecentyears.The100largestfirmsintheworldmanaged$1trillionattheendoflastyear,or69percentofalltheassetsinhedgefunds,accordingtoAlpha.Attheendof2003,thetop100hadlessthan$500billion,oronly54percentoftotalhedgefundinvestments."Thebestperformanceiscomingfromthelargestfunds,"saidChristyWood,whooverseesequitiesinvestmentsfortheCaliforniaPublicEmployees*RetirementSystem,which,likealotofpensionfunds,ismovingmoremoneyintohedgefunds.Butthereisanironytothisinfluxofmoney.Itallbutguaranteesthathedgefundpayoverthenextfewyearswon'tbeascloselytiedtoperformanceasithasbeen.Thehundredsofmillionsofdollarsthathaveflowedintohedgefundshavemadeitalltheharderforfundmanagerstofindtrulyundervaluedinvestments.Theworldisawashincapital.Allthatcapital,ofcourse,alsotranslatesintoever-greatermanagementfees,regardlessofafund'sperformance.TheflagshiphedgefundatGoldmanSachslost6percentlastyear,butitstillbroughtinanicestreamoffees.BridgewaterAssociates,whichisbasedinGreenwich,hasearnedanetreturnoflessthan4percentineachofthelasttwoyears.Yetitsfounder,RaymondT.Dalio,made$350millionin2006.“whenwehaveabadyear,we'reessentiallyflat,"ParagShah,aBridgewaterexecutive,toldme.”Andwhenwehaveago(xlyear,wehaveagreatyear.',GoldmanandBridgewatermaywellbounceback,butthecombinationofextraordinarypayandordinaryperformanceisgoingtooccurmoreandmoreinthecomingyears.OutsideofthehighfliersontheAlphalist,it'salreadythenorm.Since2000,theaveragehedgefundhasn'tdoneanybetter,afterfees,thanthemarketasawhole,accordingtoresearchbyDavidA.Hsieh,afinanceprofessoratDuke.Still,evenmediocremanagers,afteraluckyyearortwo,areabletoattractgobsofcapitalandcharge"2and20.*'Soaretoday'shedgefundmanagersreallyworthit?Sure,butonlyiftheydeliverthesortofperformancethatMr.Simonshas,andveryfewwillintheyearsahead.Moretothepoint,it'sextremelydifficulttoknowwhothestarswillbe.Inallsortsofwalksoflife,peopletendtothinkthatthepastisabetterpredictorofthefuturethanitreallyis.That'swhyjourneymanbaseballplayer——aYankeespitchernamedCarlPavanocomestomind-areabletosignhugecontractsbasedonasinglegoodseasonit'salsowhysomanyinvestorschasereturns.Thegeniusoftheworld'shedgefundmanagersisn*tonlyinhowtheyinvesttheirmoney.Italsoliesinhavingsetupanindustrythattakesadvantageofatimelesshumantrait.词汇注解重点单词Output/'autput/-34-

35【中文释义】n.产量【大纲全义】n.产量，输出（量），输出功率Arguably/'a:gjuabli/【中文释义】adv.相对地【大纲全义】adv.可论证地（可辩论地）湘对地Predeterminefpriidi'teimin/【中文释义】V.预定，预先【大纲全义】V.预定，注定；预先决定的方向cutoff/'kAto：f/【中文释义】n.分界线【大纲全义】n.近路，捷径；切开；停止；分界线Broadly/'brO:dli/【中文释义】adv.广泛地【大纲全义】adv.宽广地，广泛地renaissance/rQ'neisansZ【中文释义】n.复兴，重生【大纲全义】n.[theRenaissance]文艺复兴（时期）；新生，复兴Fantastically/faen'tsestikalli/【文中释义】adv.非常地【大纲全义】adv.非常地；空想（非常）inherently/in'hisrantli/【文中释义】adv.天性地，天生地【大纲全义】adv.天性地，固有地immoral/i'morsl/【文中释义】adv.不道德的【大纲全义】adv.不道德的；邪恶的benchmarkn.基准点algorithmn.算法gobn.大量，很多超纲词汇parlorn.客厅countercyclicaladj.反周期的awashadj.被浪冲打的，被海水淹没的重点段落译文上个月，当机构投资者的阿尔法杂志公布了对冲基金经理们最高薪金年度名单时，它让我们其余的人做一个小小的室内娱乐游戏:如果你挣的钱跟这些人一样多，你会买什么？69岁的数学家詹姆斯•西蒙斯高居榜首，拥有17亿美元，相当于联邦政府去年在国家公园网络项目上的巨大开支。位居第三位的是康涅狄格州格林尼治镇的艾德华•兰伯特,这个投资家经营庞大的西尔斯连锁百货店，年收人13亿美元，如果不计算税，能让他买下塞拉利昂的全部经济产量。我们在这里说的是实实在在的财富。今天，阿年法杂志即将发布另一个重要的名单，这个名单有可能回答另一个相对更重要的问题:这些拥有百万资产的对冲基金经理真的值那么多吗？对冲基金是印钱的通行证，他们的收费结构可以说明这一点。不管其性能，一种典型基金收取2%的管理费，这意味着它管理的每1美元要保留2美分。而共同基金中平均收费约为1%。

36对冲基金的管理费位居榜首，因此需要进行大幅削减一通常对超过预定基准点的利润收取至少20%o因此，在收益大的一年里，一个基金经理可以带来惊人数额的财富，而在亏损的一年里他们依然做得很好。简单做一下计算就可以明白其原因:每50亿美元的投资提取2%,也就是1亿美元;这是阿尔法的名单上的100家最大的基金的大致分界线。一个基金经理每年都会拿到这个数目的回报。其实去年是一个相当艰难的一年。因为对冲基金试图做很多反周期的赌注一一就像它的名字一样一一甚至当股市下跌时，他们往往还是能扭亏为盈。而当它大幅上涨时，很多对冲基金就要努力跟上。据位于芝加哥的对冲基金研究公司称，去年的标准普尔500股票指数跌了14个百分点，而除去投资的费用后，对冲基金平均返回不到13%。但是阿尔法杂志的名单中的高收入者一一都是男人一一并不管理平均对冲基金。他们管理世界上最大的基金，是资本市场里达尔文式竞争中的获胜者，而且他们中的大多数都经得起市场的冲击。FromTIMEByAliceParkJan.9,20069.IsSnuppythePuppyforReal?WithHwang'sscientificcredibilityinshambles,thestatusoftheworld'smostfamousdoghangsinthebalance.TheembattledscientistmaintainsthatSnuppyistheworld'sfirstcanineclone,andheevenhiredanindependentKoreanDNAlab,HumanPassInc,toverifythatassertion.Theverdict:HumanPassCEOSeungJaeRheetoldTIMElastweek,nThereisnodisputeabouttheseresults,andsoIam100%certainonSnuppy'sauthenticity."ButsinceHumanPassisinessenceworkingforHwang,that'shardlygoodenoughfortheinvestigativepanelatSeoulNationalUniversity,whichiscarryingoutindependenttests,orfortheeditorsofNature,whohaveorderedaninvestigation.IfSnuppyreallywasclonedfromtheearcellofa3-year-oldmaleAfghannamedTai,itshouldn*tbetoughtoprove,eventothoseoutsideinvestigators.Aslongastheyhavetissuesamplesfromboththecloneandtheparent,theyshouldbeabletodeterminewhetherDNAinthenucleiofbothanimals*cellsisidentical-thefirsthallmarkofatrueclone.IanWilmut,theScottishscientistwhocreatedDollythesheepin1996,hadtoprovidesuchsamplestoprovetoskepticsthathehadcreatedhistory'sfirstmammalianclone.Evenwiththecontroversyragingoverhisstem-cellpaper,HwangcouldhaveforestalledsomeofthequestionsaboutSnuppyifhehadofferedoneadditionalbitofconfirmingproofinhisoriginalpaperinNature.Thatpieceofcriticalevidencecomesfromtheanimals*mitochondria,tinyenergy-producingstructureswithineachcell.Whilemostofamammal'sDNAresidesinthenucleus,there'salsosomeinthemitochondria.(NuclearDNAformstheanimafsbasicgeneticblueprint;mitochondrialDNAcontainsinstructionsformakingproteinsinvolvedinvariousmetabolicfunctionswithinthecell.)MitochondrialDNAispasseddownfromthemotherasgartoftheegg'sgeneticcontribution.Identicaltwins,forexample,havethesamenuclearandmitochondrialDNA,sincethey'reproducedwhenasingleeggisfertilizedandtheresultingembryosplitsintwo.Withaclone,thesituationisdifferent.BecausethecloningprocessthatHwangsaysheusedtocreateSnuppyinvolvestwodogs-oneforthenucleusandanotherfortheegg-Snuppy'smitochondrialDNAshouldnotmatchTai's.That*swhatRhee'sscientistssaythey'vefoundandwhatHwangundoubtedlyhopestheuniversityandNature

37willfindaswell.Final,ironcladproofofSnuppy'sprovenancewouldinvolveshowingthatthedog'smitochondrialDNAmatchesthatofhiseggdonor.It'snotclear,however,whetherthattestisbeingdone.词汇注解重点单词credibility/jkredi'biliti/【文中释义】n.可信用，确实性，可靠【大纲全义】n.可信用，确实性，可靠balance/'baehns/【文中释义】n.天平，平衡【大纲全义】V.称，（使）平衡;权衡n.天平；平衡，均衡;差领，余放；结存maintain/men'tein/【文中释义】V.坚特【大纲全义】V.维修，保养，维持，供养，坚持，主张，支持verify/'verifai/【文中释义】V.查证，核实【大纲全义】V.证实，查证;证明panel/'pasnl/【文中释义】n.专门问题小组【大纲全义】n.面板，嵌板，座谈小组，专门问题小组V.嵌镶tissue/'tisju:/【文中释义】n.（动、植物的）组织【大纲全义】n.织物，薄娟，纸巾;（劝，位物的）组织nuclei/'nju:kliai/【文中释义】n.（nucleus的复数形式）细胞核【大纲全义】n.（nucleus的复数形式）核，核心，原子核;细胞核additional/9'difanl/【文中释义】adj.附加的，另外的【大纲全义】adj.额外的，附加的，另外的nucleus/'nju:kli9s/【文中释义】n.细胞核【大纲全义】n.核，核心，原子核;细胞核blueprint/'blueprint/【文中释义】n.蓝图

38【大纲全义】n.蓝图，设计图,计划v.制成蓝图，计划超纲单词shamblen.满跚，摇羌canineadj.犬的，犬科的mammalianadj.哺乳劝物的metabolicadj.新陈代谢的embattledadj.陷入重围的hallmarkn.品质证明，标志mitochondrian.线粒体embryon.胚胎重点段落译随着黄禹锡的科学信用的动摇，这个世界上最著名的狗的身份也悬而未定。这位陷入重围的科学家坚持称斯纳皮是世界上首只克隆犬，而且他甚至还租用了韩国一个独立的实验室一Humen子Pas,生物实验室来证实这个断言。判决是:上个星期，HwnanPass的总裁李顺杰告诉《时代周刊》：“这些结果是不具争谓的，我百分之百她肯宗斯纳方的真实性」但是HnmanPaca实质上也是为黄禹锡工作的.这不管是对于进行独立测试的首尔大学的专家调查小组还是命令进行调查的《自然》的编辑来说都是远远不够的。如果斯纳皮真的是从一个名叫泰的3岁的阿富汗公狗的耳朵细胞克隆出来的，这应该不难证明，即使是对那些外行的调查者来说。只要他们在克隆体和母体的组织中提取样本就能判断这两个动物细胞核里的DNA是否相同，而这是一个真正的克隆物的首要标志。在1996年创造出了克隆羊多莉的苏格兰科学家伊恩•威尔姆特就不得不提供了这样的样本来向怀疑者证明他创造了历史上首个克隆哺乳动物。即使争议牵涉到了他的干细胞论文，如果他在《科学》里的原始论文中提供了额外的确凿证据，黄禹锡就能在斯纳皮的某些问题中抢占先机。那份决定性的证据来自于每个细胞里微小的能量制造结构一动物的线粒体。大多数哺乳动物的DNA都存储于细胞核中，也有一些在线粒体中。（细胞核中的DNA构成了动物基本的基因蓝图，线粒体中的DNA包含了制造蛋白质的指令，这些蛋白质参与细胞的各种新陈代谢功能。）线粒体中的DNA是作为卵子遗传物的一部分从母体传递下来的。例如，挛生双胞胎有相同的细胞核DNA和线粒体DNA,因为他们的诞生是由于一个卵子受精而由此产生的胚胎分裂成两个。对克隆物来说情况就截然不同了。因为黄禹锡说他创造斯纳皮的克隆过程涉及两条狗一取一条狗的细胞核，取另一条狗的卵子一斯纳皮的线粒体DNA是不可能与泰的线粒体DNA一致的。那就是李顺杰的科学家们所说的他们已经发现的东西，无疑也是黄禹锡希望首尔大学和《自然》发现的。最终，关于斯纳皮来源的可靠证据将会显示该条狗的线粒体DNA与它的卵子捐赠者的线粒体DNA是一致的，然而，是否进行了这项测试还不是很清楚。FromNewsweekByMaryCarmichealJuly16,20079.Who'stheSmartSibling?Tenweeksago,BoClevelandandhiswifeembarkedonahighlyunscientificexperiment-theygavebirthtotheirfirstchild.Fornow,Clevelandistooexhaustedtoevenconsiderhavinganotherbaby,buteventually,hewill.Infact,hesalreadyplannedanegalitarianstrategyforraisingtherestofhisfamily.LittleArthurwon*tgetanyextraattentionjustbecausehe'sthefirstborn,and,sayshisfather,heprobablywon'tbemuchsmarterthanhisfuture.siblings;either.It*sthesortofthingmanyparentswouldsay,butit'sabitsurprisingcomingfromCleveland,-38-whostudiesbirthorderandIQatPennsylvaniaStateUniversity.Asheknowstoowell,astudypublishedrecentlyinthejournalSciencesuggeststhatfirstbornsdoturnoutsharperthantheirbrothersandsisters,nomatterhowparentstrytocompensate.IsClevelandwrong?IsArthurdestinedtobethesmartsiblingjustbecausehehadthegoodlucktobebornfirst?

39Fordecades,scientistshavebeensquabblingoverbirthorderlikesiblingsfightingoveratoy.Someofthemsaybeingafirst-,middle-orlastbomhassignificanteffectsonintelligence.Otherssaythat'snonsense.ThespatgoesbackatleastasfarasAlfredAdler,aFreud-erapsychologistwhoarguedthatfirstbornshadanedge.Otherpsychologistsfoundhistheoryeasytobelieve一middleandyoungestkidsalreadyhadabadrap,thankstoeverythingfromprimogeniturelawstotheProdigalSon.Whentheysetouttoconfirmthebirth-ordereffectsAdlerhadpredicted,theyfoundsomeevidence.DozensofstudiesoverthenextseveraldecadesshowedsmalldifferencesinIQ;scholastic-aptitudetestsandothermeasuresofachievementSodid''anecdata^suggestingthatfirstbornsweremorelikelytowinNobelPrizesorbecome(ahem)prominentpsychologists.Buteventhoughthescientistswereturningupbirth-orderpatternseasily,theycouldn'tpindownacause.Perhaps,onetheorywent,themother'sbodywassomehowattackingthelateroffspringinuterus.Maternalantibodylevelsdoincreasewitheachsuccessivepregnancy.Butthere'snoevidencethatthisleadstodifferencesinintelligence,andthenewstudyinSilence,basedonrecordsfromnearlyaquarterofamillionyoungNorwegianmen,strikesdowntheantibodyhypothesis.Itlooksatkidswhoaretheeldestbyaccident-thosewhoseoldersiblingsdieininfancy—aswellasthosewhoaretruefirstborns.BothgroupsrackupthesamehighscoresonIQtests.Whateverisloweringthelatterborns*scores,itisn*tprenatalbiology,sincebeingraisedasthefirstborn,notactuallybeingthefirstborn,iswhatcounts.Theobviousculpritsonthenurturesideareparents.Butit'shardtothinkthatfavoritismtowardfirstbornsexistsinmodemsociety.Mostofusnolongerviewsecondbornassecondbest,andfewparentswilladmittotreatingtheirkidsdifferently.Insurveys,theygenerallysaytheygivetheirchildrenequalattention.Kidsconcur,reportingthattheyfeelthey'retreatedfairly.Maybe,then,theproblemwithlatterbornsisn'tnatureornurture-maybetheresimplyisn'taproblem.Notalltheresearchshowsadifferenceinintelligence.Apivotal2000studybyJoeRodgers,nowaprofessoremeritusattheUniversityofOklahoma,foundnolinkbetweenbirthorderandsmarts.AndanearlierstudyofAmericanfamiliesfoundthattheyoungestkids,nottheoldest,didbestinschool.Fromthatwork,saypsychologistJudithRichHarris,aprominentcriticofbirth-orderpatterns,it*sclearthat“theimpressionthatthefirstbornismoreoftentheacademicachieverisfalse.nMeanwhile,manyofthestudiesshowingabirth-orderpatterninIQhaveabig,fat,methodologicalflaw.TheNorwegianSciencestudyisanexample,saysCleveland:"It'scomparingBill,thefirstchildinonefamily;toBob,thesecondchildinanotherfamily.'1Thatwouldbefineifallfamilieswereidentical,butofcoursetheyaren*t.Thestudycontrolsforvariablessuchasparentaleducationandfamilysize.ButRodgers,theOklahomaprofessor,notesthatthereare"hundreds'*ofotherfactorsinplay;andbecauseit'ssohardtodiscountallofthem,he's”notsurewhetherthepatternsintheSciencearticlearereal.',NooneismoresensitivetothatcriticismthantheNorwegianscientists.Infact,theyalreadyhaveananswerreadyintheformofasecondpaper.SoontobepublishedinthejournalIntelligence,il's,similartotheSciencestudyexceptforonebigthing:insteadofcomparingBilltoBob,itcomparesBilltoyoungerbrothersBarryandBarney.Thesamebirth-orderpatternshowsup:thefirstborns,onaverage,scoreabouttwopointshigherthantheirsecondbornbrothers,andhaplessthirdbornsdoevenworse."Thepurposeofthetwopaperswasexactlythesame,“saysPetterKristensenofNorway'sNationalInstituteofOccupationalHealth,wholedbothnewstudies."Butthissecondoneismuchmorecomprehensive,andinasenseit'sbetterthantheSciencepaper."Thedataarethere—withinfamilies,birthorderreallydoesseemlinkedtobrainpower.Eventhecriticshavetosoftentheirpositionsalittle.TheIntelligencestudy"mustbetakenvery"seriously'*saysRodgers.Noone,notevenKristensen,thinksthedebateisoverForonething,there'sstillthatargumentaboutwhat'scausingbirth-ordereffects.It'spossible,saysUCBerkeleyresearcherFrankSulloway,that

40trying.totreatkidsinanevenhandedwayinfactresultsininequity.Well-meaningparentsmayendupshortchangingmiddlebornsbecausethere'sonethingtheycan'tequalize:atnopointinthemiddlechilcfslifedoeshegettobetheonlykidinthehouse.Alternatively,saysSulloway;there'sthetheoryhehashismoneyon,the"familynichehypothesisOlderkids,whetheroutofdesireornecessityaxeoftencalledontobe“assistantparents,'1henotes.Gettingthatearly-tasteofresponsibilitymayprimethemforachievementlateron."IftheythinkOh,PmsupposedtobemoreintelligentsoI'dbetterdomyhomework,'itdoesn'tmatteriftheyactuallyaremore-intelligent,'*saysSulloway/'Itbecomesaself-fulfillingprophecy.*'Ifthefirstborns*homeworkinvolvesreadingScienceandIntelligence,there'llbenostoppingthemnow.词汇在解重点单词embark/im'ba:k/【文中释义】v.着手，从事【大纲全义】v.（使）上船（或飞机，汽车等）：着手，从事extra「ekstr。/【文中释义】adj.额外的【大纲全义】adj额外的，附加的n.附加物，额外的东西adv.特别地compensate/'komponseit/【文中释义】v.补偿，弥补【大纲全义】v.（for）补偿，赔偿，抵消nonsense/*n0ns9ns/【文中释义】n.荒谬的言行，胡话【大纲全义】n.胡说，废话;冒失（或轻浮）的行为rap/raep/【文中释义】n.不公正的判决，苛评【大纲全义】n.叩击，轻拍，斤责，急敲（声）;不公正的判决，苛评，V.敲，拍，打，斤责，使着迷predict/pri'dikt/【文中释义】v.预言【大纲全义】v.预言，预测，预告prominent/'prominant/

41【文中释义】adj杰出的【大纲全义】adj.突起的，凸出的;突出的，杰出的offspring/Ofspriij;（us）*O：f-/【文中释义】n..子孙，后代【大纲全义】n.子孙，后代，结果，产物;（动物的）崽successive/sak'sesiv/【文中释义】adj.连续的【大纲全义】adj.接连的，连续的pregnancy/'Pregnansi/【文中释义】n.怀孕【大纲全义】n.妊振;怀孕（期）;（事件等的）酝酿;（内容）充实，富有意义nurture/'na:tja/【文中释义】n.养育，教育【大纲全义】n.营养品;养育，培养，滋养v.给予营养物，养育，培养，滋养超纲单词egalitariann.平等主义squabblev.为争吵primogenituren.长子身份anecdatan.二逸事证据siblingn.兄弟妞妹spatn.争吵aptituden.才能，资质prenataladj.产前的，出生前的重点段落译文两周前，伯•克利夫兰和他的妻子进行了一项非常不科学的实验一一他们生下了他们的第一个孩子。现在，克利夫兰太疲惫了，甚至于不考虑再生一个孩子，但是最终他还是会选择再生一个的。事实上，他已经计划了一项平等主义策略来养活家里的其他孩子。小亚瑟的父亲说，他不会仅仅因为小亚瑟是头一个孩子而得到任何额外的关注，并且他也不可能比他将来的兄弟姐妹更聪明。这是很多家长都会说的一件事，但是从在宾夕法尼亚州立大学研究出生次序和智力的克利夫兰嘴里说出来就有点令人惊讶了。如他所知.最近在《科学》期刊上发表的一项研究表明，无论父母怎样尝试弥补，头一个孩子都显得比他们的兄弟姐妹要聪明一些。克利夫兰错了吗?难道仅仅因为幸运的亚瑟是第一个出生的孩子,所以他命中注定是个聪明的哥哥？几十年来，科学家们一直像兄弟姐妹为一个玩具打架一样在出生次序问题上争吵不休。他们中有些人说作为第一个、中间所生或者是最后一个出生会对智力产生重大的影响。有的人则说那是无稽之谈。这种争论至少可以追溯到阿尔弗莱德•阿德勒——那个弗洛伊德年代的心理生物学家。他认为头生的孩子具有优势。其他的心理学家发现他的理论很容易使人相信一一由于长子继承法的规定以及所谓的“浪子回头”，中间和最小的孩子们已经受到了很多批评。当他们着手证实阿德勒所预言的出生次序的影响时，他们找到了一些证据。之后几十年的研究显示不同出生次序的孩子在智力、学习能力和其他成就的量度上有微小的不同。一些名人逸事也表明:第一个孩子更可能赢得诺贝尔奖，或者成为杰出的心理生物学家。但是即使科学家很容易就找到了出生次序模型，他们也不能确认原因.一种理论认为，可能母亲的身体会在某种程度上对子宫里后出生的子女进行攻击。母亲的抗体水平随着不断的怀孕而提高。但是，说这样导致了智力上的不同是没有证据的。《科学》期刊上

42一项新的研究击垮了这个“抗体假设”论，这项研究以挪威近25万年轻人的记录为基础。这项研究观察了两组孩子，其中一组是那些因他们的哥哥或姐姐在幼年夭折而意外地成为头生子女的孩子，另外一组是那些本身就是真正的头生子女。两组孩子在智力测试中获得了同样的高分。不管是什么降低了后出生孩子的分数，总之不是产前生物学上的原因，因为事实上最重要的是：不是头生子女却被当作头生子女来养。家长在孩子的抚养方面存在明显的误区。但是很难想象现代社会会存在偏爱头生子女的现象。我们大多数人不再认为第二胎出生的孩子就是第二优秀的，也很少有家长会承认他们会区别对待孩子。在调查中，他们一般会说他们给予孩子同等的关注。孩子们也意见一致，说他们感觉自己受到了公平的对待。FromTheNewYorkTimesByJohnMarkoffNov.11,20069.AlloyHoldsOutPromiseofSpeedierMemoryChipScientistsatIBMandtwopartnercompanieshavedevelopedapromisingmaterialthattheybelievewillleadtoanewkindofcomputermemorychipabletomeetthegrowingappetiteforstoringdigitalmusic,picturesandvideo.TheadvancewillbedescribedinatechnicalpapertobepresentedMondayattheInternationalElectronDevicesMeetinginSanFranciscobyresearchersfromIBMandtwocomputermemorymanufactures,QimondaandMacronix.ThescientistshavedesignedanewsemiconductoralloyderivedfrommaterialscurrentlyusedinopticalstoragedeviceslikeCDsandDVDs.Thisteamisnottheonlyentrantintheracetofindalternativestoflashmemory,theprevailingformofnonvolatilestorage-socalledbecauseitcanretaininformationwithoutpower.IntelandSTMicroelectronicshaveformedapartnershiptopursuethetechnology,and,separately,Samsunghasmadeannouncementsinthefield.Intelhasshown128-megabitprototypechipsandsaiditplannedtointroduceproductsin2007.Samsunghasdescribeda512-megabitprototypethatitexpectstomarketin2008.IBMscientistssaytheirannouncementissignificantbecausethecompany'snewmaterialhasperformanceadvantagesoveralloysnowinuseinprototypesmadebyothersintheindustryIfthetechnologyprovescheapenoughtomanufacture,itwillcreateanewcompetitorinthe$18.6billionmarketfortheinexpensiveerasablememorychipsthathaveproliferatedinmobilephones,musicplayersandotherconsumergadgetsinrecentyears.Moreover,althoughIBMhaswithdrawnfromthememorychipbusiness,thecompanysaiditwasintenselyinterestedinthetechnologyforcorporatecomputingapplicationsliketransactionprocessing.FasternonvolatilememorycouldchangethedesignofthemicroprocessorsthatIBMmakes,speedingupavarietyofbasicoperations.ThenewmemorytechnologycouldpotentiallybeaddedtoafuturegenerationoftheIBMPowerPCmicroprocessor,accordingtoSpikeNarayan,aseniormanageratthecompany*sAlmadenResearchCenterhere.Overtwoandahalfyeas,inatrial-and-errorprocess,scientistshereexploredaclassofmaterialsthatcanbeswitchedfromanamorphousstatetoacrystallineoneandthenbackagainbyrepeatedheating.Thecompounds,knownasGST,orgermanium-antimony-telluriumphasechangematerials,areroutinelyusedtodaytomakeinexpensiveopticaldisksthatarereadfrom-42-andwrittentowithlaserbeams.TheIBMledteamhasprovedthatthesameeffectcanberealizedbyusingasmallelectricalcurrent.

43Thathasmadeitpossibletobuildtinymemorycellsthatcanstoredigital1'sandO'sbymeansofelectricityratherthanlight.IBMscientistssaythenewmaterialisanalloycomposedofjustgermaniumandantimony,andisreferredtoasGS.Thescientistsdonotdescribethematerialindetailinthepaper.Theadvantageofthenewmaterial,accordingtothescientists,isthatitcanbeusedtocreateswitchesmorethan500timesasfastastoday*sflashchips.Moreover,theprototypeswitchdevelopedbythescientistsisjust3nanometershighby20nanometerswide,offeringthepromisethatthetechnologycanbeshrunktosmallerdimensionsthancouldbeattainedbyflashmanufacturers.Thecurrentgenerationofflashmemorychipsstoreasmuchas32billionbitsonachip.Butthattechnologyislikelytobecomeincreasinglyproblematicaschipmakersstruggletoreacheverfinerdimensions.Reachedforcommentlaterlastweek,VivekSubramanian,anassociateprofessorofelectricalengineeringattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,whohasreadthetechnicalpaperdescribingtheproject,said,^Everybodyrecognizesthatscalingflashisgoingtobeaprobleminthelongrun.Thislookslikeareallyattractivetechnologythatisbothscaleableandconsumeslittlepower.',Industryexecutivessaidthatthenewmaterialsmightbolsterthecomputerandconsumerelectronicsindustriesjustwhenitappearedtheywerenearingfundamentalengineeringlimits."ThisisaChristmaspresentfortheindustrybecauseitshatterssomanythingsatonce,“saidRichardDoherty,presidentofEnvisioneering,acomputerindustryconsultingfirminSeaford,N.Y.,whohasbeenbriefedonthetechnicalpaper."Thiscouldchangethebasicequationbetweenprocessors,localstorageandcommunications.*'Today'sflashmemoriesarelargelydividedintotwodistincttypescalledNORandNAND,withdifferentperformancecharacteristics.Theprincipaldisadvantageoftheflashdesignisthatdatacannotbeaddressedonebitatatimebutonlyinlargerblocksofdata.Incontrast,phasechangememorieswillbeaddressableatthebitlevel.Suchacapabilitymeansthatthenewmemorieswillbemoreflexiblethanflashmemoryandcanbeusedinawidervarietyofapplicationsandcomputerdesigns.promising/'promisiq/【文中释义】adj.有希望的【大纲全义】adj有希望的，有前途的chip/tfip/【文中释义】n.薄片，芯片【大纲全义】n.切屑，碎片;（土豆等的）薄片;集成电路块appetite/'aepitait/【文中释义】n.欲望【大纲全义】n.食欲，胃口;欲望，性欲;爱好，趣味video/'vidiau/【文中释义】n.录像（机）【大纲全义】n.电视，视须;录像（机）adj电视的，视须的;录像的、制作的录像manufacture/.maenju'fasklfa/【文中释义】n.制造业【大纲全义】v.（大量）制造，加工n.（大量）制造，制造业；产品，制造业semiconductorfsemikan^okta/【文中释义】n.半导体【大纲全义】n.半导体optical/'optiksl/【文中释义】adj.视觉的【大纲全义】adj.眼的，视力的；光学的，视觉的alloy/'aeloi/

44【文中释义】n.合金【大纲全义】n.合金v.将铸成合金prototype/'proutataip/【文中释义】n.原型【大纲全义】n.原型;典型，范例intensely/in'tensli/【文中释义】adj.强烈的【大纲全义】adj.强烈的，剧烈的variety/vsYaioti/【文中释义】n.多样【大纲全义】n.种种，多种多样;种类，品种routinely/ru:'ti:nli/【文中释义】adv.通常【大纲全义】adv.常规的，例行的超纲单词entrantn.参赛者一卜megabitn.兆位erasableadj.可消除的，可抹去的proliferatev.扩散gadgetn.小机件nonvolatileadj.永久的amorphousadj.非晶体的germaniumn.错重点段落译文IBM及其两个合作公司的科学家们研制出了一种很有前景的材料，他们相信这种材将会开发出一种新的计算机存储芯片一能够满足人们对存储数码音乐、图片以及视频日益增长的需求。IBM公司以及其他两个计算机存储芯片制造商（奇梦达和旺宏电子）的研究人员，将会在周一于旧金山举行的国际电子器件会议上以科技论文的形式展示这项先进的技术。科学家们已经设计出一种新的半导体合金，它是从现在经常使用的如CD、DVD的可视存储设备的基础上演化出来的。这个科研组并不是唯一一个在这一领域寻找闪存器替代品的科研组，闪速存储器是永久存储的一个主要形式，之所以被称为闪速存储器是因为它可以在断电的情况下保存信息、。Intel和斯沃琪微型电力这两家公司已经建立了合作伙伴关系致力研发这一技术，另外,三星公司也在这一领域有所涉足。Intel公司已经展出了内存为128兆的芯片并计划在2007年推出相关产品。三星公司也公布他们预期在2008年在市场上投放内存为512兆的芯片。IBM公司的科学家们表明，他们发布的这一信息有着重大的意义，因为比起这一行业的其他公司目前生产的内存条所用的合金材料来，他们的这一新型材料已展现出其优势。如果这种技术被证明生产成本不高，适合投产，那么在有着186亿美元产值的市场上将会成为廉价的可消除记忆芯片的一个新的竞争对手。最近几年，这种可消除记忆的芯片已经广泛应用于手机、音乐播放器以及其他的消费机件上。而且，尽管IBM公司已经从储存芯片这一行业中撤出，但公司已表明其对这一技术在计算机方面的广泛应用有着浓厚的兴趣，比如事务处理方面。更快的永久性存储器将改变IBM公司生产的微型处理器的设汁，从而加快各类基础操作。IBM公司阿尔马登研究中心的高层经理斯派克•纳拉洋说，该公司很有可能把这项新的存储技术应用到新一代超能计算机的微型处理器中。经过2年半的反复试验，科学家们探索出一系列的材料，从非晶体状态到晶体状态，然后通过反复的加热又可以回到原来的状态的一系列材料。这种被称之为GST

45的化合物是介于情、睇、啼之间的可转换材料，现在通常被用来制作廉价的可视光盘，这些光盘使用激光束来进行读写。以IBM公司为首的科研小组证明，用一组微小的电用一组微小的电流也能实现同样的效果。这使得制造以电流而非光源的方式在零秒到一秒之间存储数据的微型存储器成为可能。IBM公司的科学家们说，这种新的材料是由错和锌的合组成的，并且它经常被当作GS提及。FromTheEconomistAug.2,20079.LestWeForgetorLestWeRemember?Peoplerememberemotionallychargedeventsmoreeasilythantheyrecallthequotidian.Asexualencountertrumpsdoingthegroceryshopping.Amuggingtrumpsajourneytowork.Witnessingamassacretrumpsprettywellanythingyoucanimagine.Thatishardlysurprising.Rareeventsthatmighthaveanimpactonanindividuafssurvivalorreproductionshouldhaveaspecialfastlaneintothememorybank-andtheydo.Itiscalledthea2b-adrenoceptor,anditisfoundintheamygdala,apartofthebraininvolvedinprocessingstrongemotionssuchasfear.Theroleofthea2b-adrenoceptoristopromotememoryfbrmation-butonlyifitisstimulatedbyadrenaline.Sinceemotionallychargedeventsareoftenaccompaniedbyadrenalinesecretion,thea2b-adrenoceptoractsasagatekeeperthatdecideswhatwillberememberedandwhatdiscarded.However,thegenethatencodesthisreceptorcomesintwovarieties.ThatledDominiquedeQuervain,oftheUniversityofZurich,towonderifpeoplewithonevariantwouldhavebetteremotionalmemoriesthanthosewiththeother.Theshortanswer,justpublishedinNatureNeuroscience,isthattheydo.Moreover,sincethefrequenciesofthetwovariantsaredifferentindifferentgroupsofpeople,wholepopulationsmayhavedifferentmixturesofemotionalmemory.ThereasonDrdeQuervainsuspectedthevariantsmightworkdifferentlyisthattherareronelookslikethecommoneronewhenthelatterhasamemory-enhancingdrugcalled

46yohimbineattachedtoit.Hisprediction,therefore,wasthatbetteremotionalmemorywouldbeassociatedwiththerarerversion.Andthatdid,indeed,turnouttobethecaseinhisfirstexperiment.Thisinvolvedshowingstudentsphotographsofpositivescenessuchasfamiliesplayingtogether,negativescenessuchascaraccidents,andneutralones,suchaspeopleonthephone.Thosestudentswithatleastonegenefortherarerversionoftheprotein（everyonehastwosuchgenes,onefromhisfatherandonefromhismother）weretwiceasgoodatrememberingdetailsofemotionallychargedscenesthanwerethosewithonlythecommonversion.Whenphone-callerswerethesubject;therewasnodifferenceinthequalityofrecall.Thatisaninterestingresult,butsomeofDrdeQuervain'scolleaguesattheUniversityofKonstanz,inGermany,wereabletotakeitfurtherinasecondexperiment.Infact,theytookitallthewayalongadustyroadinUganda,totheNakivalerefugeecamp.ThiscampishometohundredsofrefugeesoftheRwandancivilwarof1994.Inthissecondexperimenttheresearcherswerenotaskingaboutphotographs.Withthehelpofspeciallytrainedinterviewers,theyrecordedhowoftenpeopleinthecampsufferedflashbacksandnightmaresabouttheirwartimeexperiences.Theythencomparedthoseresultswiththea2b-adrenoceptorgenesintheirvolunteers.Aspredicted,thosewiththerareversionhadsignificantlymoreflashbacksthanthosewithonlythecommonone.BesidesbolsteringDrdeQuervain*soriginalhypothesis,thisresultisinterestingbecauseonly12%oftherefugeeshadtherarergene.InSwitzerland,bycontrast,30%ofthepopulationhastherarevariety-andtheSwissarenotnormallyregardedasanemotionalpeople.Whetherthatresulthaswiderimplicationsremainstobeseen.Humangeneticshasanotorioushistoryofjumpingtoextravagantconclusionsfromscantdata,butthatdoesnotmeanconclusionsshouldbeduckedifthedataaregood.Inthiscase,thestatisticssuggestRwandamayhavebeenlucky:thelong-termmental-healtheffectsofthewarmaynotbeaswidespreadastheyhavebeeninpeoplewithadifferentgeneticmix.Ontheotherhand,arethosewhoeasilyforgetthehorrorsofhistorycondemnedtorepeatthem?词汇注解witness/'witnis/【文中释义】V目击【大纲全义】n.目击者，证人;证据，证明。V目击，目睹;作证impact/'impaekt/【文中释义】n.影响，作用【大纲全义】n.冲击，碰撞;影响v影响;挤入，压紧process/pra'ses/【文中释义】v.加工，处理【大纲全义】n.过程;工序;工艺;（法律）程序，（诉讼）手续v.加工，处理，办理promote/pra'maut/【文中释义】v.促进，增进【大纲全义】v.促进，发扬;提升，提拔;增进，助长;宣传，推销（商品）charged/tfa:d3d/【文中释义】adj.充满感情的，（气氛）紧张的【大纲全义】adj.（颜色）过重的，（笔法）夸张的;充满感情的，（气氛）紧张的，（物）带-46-电的accompanyISkAmpani/【文中释义】V.与某事物同时存在或发生【大纲全义】V.陪伴,陪同；伴随，和・♦•一起发生;伴奏discard/dis'ka:d/

47【文中释义】V.丢弃，抛弃【大纲全义】V.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃variety/vaYaioti/【文中释义】n.品种，种类【大纲全义】n.种种，多种多样；种类，品种mixture/'mikstja/【文中释义】n.混合物【大纲全义】n.混合;混合物，混合剂suspect/sas'pekt/【文中释义】v.推测，怀疑【大纲全义】V.猜想;怀疑;察觉n.嫌疑犯adj.可疑的enhance/in'ha:ns/【文中释义】v.提高，增加，加强【大纲全义】v.提高，增强attached/a'taetjt/【文中释义】adj.附加的【大纲全义】adj.依恋的，充满爱心的；附上……的neutral/'nju:tral/【文中释义】adj.中性的【大纲全义】adj.中立的，不偏不倚的；中性的，中和的recall/ri'ko：1/【文中释义】n.记忆力，记性【大纲全义】n.回忆，召回，取消v回忆，记得，回想;撤消，收回dustyfdAsti/【文中释义】adj.满是灰尘的【大纲全义】adj.多灰尘的，灰尘厚积的;灰色的;（酒）浊的;灰尘一般的;粉末状的;无聊的干巴巴的;含糊的，不明朗的，无价值的refugee/,refju（•）'dj:/【文中释义】n.难民【大纲全义】n.（政治上的）避难者，难民超纲单词quotidiann.每天发生的事amygdalan扁桃体adrenalinen.肾上腺素commonern.平民flashbackn.例叙，闪回yohimbinen.育亨宾重点段落译文和日常发生的事情比起来，人们往往会记住引起强烈情绪反应的事件。而路遇行凶抢劫的记忆也比平常去上班的记忆更深刻。目击一场大杀戮在你心中留下的烙印可能也是其他任何事情所不可比拟的。这不足为奇。对于那些可能影响个体生存和繁衍的不寻常事件，它们理应有一个能够优先进入人的记忆库的快速通道，而事实也是如此一这个快速通道叫做a2b肾上腺素受体，是在人的扁桃体中发现的。扁桃体是人大脑中处理强烈情绪（如恐惧）的部分。a2b

48肾上腺素受体所扮演的角色是促进记忆的形成，但必须是在它受到肾上腺素的刺激之后。由于引起情绪很大波动的事件通常伴随着肾上腺素的分泌，a2b肾上腺素受体就像看门人一样要决定记住哪些事而舍弃哪些事然而，对这些受体进行编码的基因有两种变体。那么，携带其中一种变体的人是否比携带另一种变体的人对引起情绪反应的事情记忆得更深刻呢?苏黎世大学的多米尼克•德凯尔万教授对此提出质疑。答案是肯定的一这一结论刚刚发表在《自然一神经科学》杂志上。此外，由于在不同的人群体内，这两种变体的分布频率不同，因此从总体来看，人们的情绪记忆存在着各种不同的状况。德凯尔万博士之所以怀疑不同的变体有不同的作用是有一定的依据的。这两种变体中，一种是较少见的变体，另一种是较常见的变体;而后者与一种叫做育亨宾的可增强记忆的药物相结合时，其作用与较少见的变体表现得一样。因此，他推测:较少见的那种变体会促成较好的情绪记忆。这种情况也确实在他第一次的实验中得到了验证。在该实验中，他给学生们展示了各种积极情绪的图片（如一家人在一起戏耍的情景）、消极情绪的图片（如车祸），以及中性的图片（如正在打电话的人）。那些学生中有的人至少携带有一个少见的变体基因（每个人都有一对这样的基因，一个来自来父亲，另一个来自于母亲），他们对于情绪事件的记忆力是那些只有常见变体基因的学生的两倍。而当记忆的对象是打电话的人时，学生们的记忆力水平没有出现差异。这是一个有趣的结果，但德凯尔万博士在德国康斯坦茨大学的一些同事又进一步地做了第二个实验。事实上，他们带着这个实验穿过了乌干达灰蒙蒙的公路，来到了纳基瓦莱难民营。那里居住着1994年卢旺达内战后成百上千的难民。在这第二个实验中，研究者们没有使用图片。在经过专门训练的调查人员的帮助下，他们记录了难民们脑海中战时情景闪回的次数，以及关于战时经历的噩梦的次数。然后，他们将记录结果与研究对象中所携带的a2b肾上腺索受体基因进行了比较。正如之前所预计的一样，那些带有少见变体基因的难民所经历的记忆闪回次数，比起只有常见变休基因的难民要多得多。FromTIMEByJeffreyKlugerApr.12,20079.Hollywood^SmokeAlarmOnscreenpuffingisrecruitinganewgenerationofkids.TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplace,atleastsincethe1940s,whenBetteDavisandPaulHenreidinNow,Vbyagershowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommonon-screenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury.75%ofallHollywoodfilmsshowtobaccouse,accordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco.Audiences,especiallykids,aretakingnotice.Tworecentstudies,publishedintheLancetandPediatrics,havefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10,thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worse,it'stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest,perhapsbecausetheyaresparedthedirtyashtraysandmustydrapesthatmakereal-worldsmokingalotlessappealingthanthesanitizedcinematicversion.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth(HSPH)-thefolksbehindtheU.S.designated-drivercampaign-ispushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour,"saysBarryBloom,HSPH,sdean."We'reinthebusinessofpreventingdisease,andcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause."Ifthere'sonethinghealthexpertsknow,it*sthatyoudon'tinfluencebehaviorbytellingpeople

49whattodo.Youdoitbyexposingthemtoenoughcasesofpeoplebehavingwellthatitcreatesanewnorm.Whatmadethedesignated-driverconceptcatchoninthe1980swaspartlythatHarvardandtheadagenciesitworkedwithpersuadedTVnetworkstosliptheideaintotheirshows.There'sareasonadesignated-driverposterappearedinthebaronCbeers,andit'snotbecauseitmadethejokesfunnier."Theideaappearedin160prime-timeepisodesoverfouryears,"saysJayWinsten,HSPH'sassociatedean."Drunk-drivingfatalitiesfell25%overthenextthreeyears.',Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffect,butitwouldn'tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywood,andwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthat,nothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethat,andlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropen,invitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard*sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyout,oratleastmakesmokingunappealing.Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smoking-orlow-smoking-Hollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoran,whooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shit,wantedtodothesamefortheleadsofherrecentmovieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmoke,Doranrelented,butfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspit,it'scleartheglamour'sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPrada?No?That'sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely-eveninastorythattravelsfromtheU.S.fashionworldtoParis,twoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie,"saysDoran,"andnoonenoticed.**Suchmoviesarehardlytherule,butthepressureisgrowing.AsHarvardclosesinfromoneside,adozenhealthgroupsincludingtheAmericanMedicalAssociationarecallingfoxreductionofsmokinginmoviesandonTV;and41stateattorneysgeneralhavesignedaletterseeking,public-serviceadsatthebeginningofanyDVDthatincludessmoking.Likesmokers,studiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoaLotsmarter.词汇注解”、重点单词recruit/ri'kru：t/【文中释义】v.征募，吸收【大纲全义】v.征募(新兵)，吸收；补充n.新成员，新兵smoky/'smauki/【文中释义】adj.烟雾弥漫的【大纲全义】adj.冒烟的：多烟的：烟雾弥漫的romantic/ra'maentik/【文中释义】adj.传奇性的【大纲全义】adj.浪漫的，传奇式的；不切实际的，好幻想的exposed/iks'p8uzd/【文中释义】adj.接触的【大纲全义】adj.无掩蔽的，显［暴］露的；接触的musty/'mAsti/【文中释义】adj.发霉的【大纲全义】adj.发霉的；霉臭的；落伍的

50appealing/9'pi：lir)/【文中释义】adj.吸引人的【大纲全义】adj.有感染力的：引人注意的；吸引人的cinematic/,sini'maetik/【文中释义】adj.电影的【大纲全义】adj.电影的version/'va：Jan/【文中释义】n.版本【大纲全义】n.版本；译本，译文；说法designated/'dezigneitid/【文中释义】adj.指定的【大纲全义】adj.指定的，特指的preventable/pri'ventab(a)I/【文中释义】adj.可预防的【大纲全义】adj.可防止的，可预防的influence/'influans/【文中释义】v.影响【大纲全义】n.(on)影响，感化；势力，权势v.影响，感化behave/bi'heiv/【文中释义】n.举止，行为【大纲全义】v.举止，举动，行为，表现；运转，开动；检点(自己)的行动norm/n3:m/【文中释义】n.规范【大纲全义】n.准则，规范，准则，平均数concept/'kansept/【文中释义】n.观念【大纲全义】n.概念，观念，设想

51associate/a'saujieit/【文中释义】adj.副的【大纲全义】v.联想：交往；联合n.伙伴，同事，合伙人adj.联合的；副的incorporate/in'kD:p9reit/【文中释义】V.表现【大纲全义】V.合并，纳入，结合adj.合并的fling/flit]/【文中释义】v.（用力地）扔，抛，丢【大纲全义】V.（用力地）扔，抛，丢超纲单词onscreenadj.电影银幕上的smolderv.燃烧ashtrayn.烟灰缸sanitizedadj.清洁的puffingn.吞云吐雾midcenturyn.一个世纪的中叶drapen.窗帘execn.制作重点段落译文演员们在电影银幕上的吞云吐雾正在影响着我们的下一代。美国的电影银幕一直以来就是一个烟雾缭绕的地方。至少从20世纪40年代开始就是这样：电影《扬帆》中，贝特•戴维斯和保罗•亨里德表演了怎样一边吸着烟一边制订和签署一份传奇性的协议。如今，香烟在电影中的出现比20世纪中叶以来的任何时候都更为常见:据旧金山加州大学2006年的一份调查显示，75%的好莱坞电影里包含了吸烟镜头。观众一尤其是孩子们，开始注意到这些。最近分别发表在《柳叶刀》和《小儿科》杂志上的两项研究显示，在10岁的儿童中，经常看到吸烟镜头的小孩染上吸烟恶习的概率是其他小孩的2.7倍。更糟糕的是，无烟家庭的孩子更容易受到影响，这可能是因为他们没有见识过肮脏的烟灰缸和发霉的窗帘，因此不知道吸烟在真实世界中并没有干净的电影镜头中那么有吸引力。现在，哈佛大学公共卫生学院（HSPH）在禁止酒后驾驶运动之后，正在努力推行让电影远离香烟的运动。哈佛大学公共卫生学院的院长巴里•布鲁姆说：“在一些电影中，孩子们每小时能看到14次吸烟镜头。我们的工作是预防疾病，而香烟是首当其冲要禁止的如果说健康专家所确知的事，那就是一告诉别人该做什么无法影响到他们的行为。要影响他人，需要使他们身边有足够的正面事例，这样可以创造出新的行为准则。禁止酒后驾车运动在19世纪80年代得以流行，部分原因是哈佛大学及与之合作的广告公司成功地说服了各电视台在电视节目中融人了这一观念。Cheers节目中的酒吧里出现禁止酒后驾车运动的海报是有原因的，而不仅仅是为了让节目更有趣。哈佛大学公共卫生学院的副院长杰伊•文斯滕说：“四年多的时间里，抵制酒后驾车的观念在黄金时段播出了160集。酒后驾驶造成的交通事故在接下来的三年里下降了25%O”哈佛大学一直相信剔除电影中的吸烟镜头也能达到同样的效果，但要做到这一点不会很容易。烟草商与好莱坞有着长期的产品营销交易的历史。而且，虽然1998年的烟草协议禁止了这一点，好莱坞的导演们仍自顾自地将吸烟镜头纳入到了影片中。1999年，哈佛大学开始举行与电影公司经理们的一对一会谈以试图改变这种情况。去年，美国电影协会对他们敞开了大门，并邀请布鲁姆院长在2月向所有电影公司做一次演讲。哈佛的意见是直接的：彻底剔除电影里的吸烟镜头，或者至少使这些镜头不那么具有蛊惑性。FromNewsweekByCarolynM.KaelinandFrancescaColtreraMar.26,2007

529.CancerandStayingFitFourtimesaweek,AnneRinn,28,apsychologyprofessorinBowlingGreen,Ky.,whosemotherdiedofbreastcancer,goestokickboxing,aerobicsorPilatesclasses.LizUsborne,a64-year-oldbreast-cancersurvivor,lobstennisballsoverthenetandcircuit-trainsatawomen'sgymnearherhomeinBonita,Cafif.Thethreadbindingthem?Concernaboutgetting-orsurvivingandthrivingafter—breastcancer.TheAmericanCancerSocietyestimatesthatthisyear,241,000womenwilllearntheyhavebreastcancerand40,000womenwilldieofit.Fortunately,agrowinglistofeffectivetherapiesdevelopedduringthepastdecadehashelpedextendlives,onereasonthatdeathsfrombreastcancerhavebeendroppingslowlysince1990.Livingamongusaremorethan2millionwomenwhohaveundergonebreast-cancertreatments.ModemmiracledrugslikeTamoxifenandRaloxifeneroutinelycutriskforbreastcancerinwomenwhosemedicalhistoriesorgenesmakethemespeciallyvulnerabletoit.Butreamsofresearchalsosuggestthatexercise-anactivityasoldasthehumanrace-substantiallyreducestheoddsofevergettingthedisease,lengthenssurvivalandconsiderablyenhancesqualityoflifeforwomenwithbreastcancer.Scientistsdon*tcompletelyunderstandwhyexerciseissoimportant,butthey'reactivelylookingforanswers.Roughlytwothirdsofallbreastcancersareconsideredestrogen-positive;thatmeansthatthehormoneestrogenfuelstheirgrowth.Therestareestrogen-negative.Manyexpertsbelieveregularexerciselowerstheamountofestrogencirculatingthroughthebodyinthebloodstream.Soforcertaintypesofbreastcancer,lessestrogenequalslessfuel.Exercisealsoparesoffhormonallyactivefattissue.FatmanufacturessubstancecalledAromatasethatconvertshormonesknownasandrogenstoestrogen.Aftermenopause,whentheovariesstopcrankingouthighlevelsofestrogen,thishormonalcascadebecomesthemajorsourceofestrogeninawoman'sbodyRecentlytwolarge,carefullydesignedstudiessuggestedexercisemayworkthroughmorethanjusthormonalmechanismslinkedtoestrogen.InastudypublishedlastmonthintheArchivesofInternalMedicine,researchersspeculatedthatexercisemightaffecttumoraggressiveness.Theresearchersfoundthatlong-termmoderateorstrenuousactivityoveralifetimecutriskfordevelopingestrogen-negativeinvasivebreastcancers(thoughnotestrogen-positivecancers).Sincefewertherapiesareeffectiveagainstestrogen-negativecancers,that'shearteningnews.Someearlierresearchonexercisesuggestsitlowersriskforestrogen-positivecancers,too.Scientistsarealsolookingbeyondestrogenattheeffectsexercisehasoninsulin,leptinandcertaingrowthfactors.Regularexerciseearlyinlife,particularlyaroundpuberty,andexercisevigorousenoughtosuppressotherreproductivehormonesmaymakeadifference,too.A2005mukicenterstudyonlifetimeactivitymatchedmorethan4,000whiteandblackbreast-cancersurvivorswithcontrols.Researchersfounda20percentdecreaseinbreast-cancerriskforthemostversusleastactivewomen.Afterawomanisdiagnosed,exercisecandramaticallylengthensurvivalandlowertheoddsofanothertumor.Forupto14years,theNurses*HealthStudytrackednearly3,000participantsdiagnosedwithbreastcancer.Researchersfoundthatrecurrenceratesanddeathsfrombreastcancer(andfromallcauses)dipped26to40percentamongthosewhoexercisedmost,comparedwiththeirsedentarypeers.Briskwalkingorequivalentenergy-burningactivityforthreetofivehoursaweek-about30minutesaday-nettedthebiggestbenefits.ButevenbeingactiveforonetothreehoursaweekreducedrisktosomedegreeoExcesspoundslowerthelikelihoodofsurvivalafterbreastcancer.Butformanywomen,maintainingahealthyweightisoftenastruggle,especiallyduringtreatment.Chemotherapyorradiation

53canmakewomenfeeltootiredtoexercise.Steroidsgiventohelpeasecertainsideeffectsofchemotherapypromptaravenousappetite.Nauseacanleadtoalmostcontinuousnibblingofcomfortfoodstosettlequeasystomachs.Someanticancermedicationsthatworkbytamperingwithhormonesmayhaveahandinweightgain,too.OnesuchhormonaldrugisTamoxifen,whichkeepsestrogenfromenteringbreastcellsbyblockingreceptorsatopthecellsthatallowaccess.Studieshaveyettoconfirmaconnection,butmanywomenonTamoxifencomplainofwatchingthescaleinchupward.Nomatterwhattherootcauseisforweightgain,exerciseofallsortshelpsburncalories.Andparadoxically,forthosewhofeeltoowipedouttofitexercisein,someevidenceshowslighttomoderateactivitiesmayactuallyalleviatetreatment-inducedfatigueoDoctorsoncebelievedupper-bodyresistancetrainingwasapttotriggerthechronicswellinganddiscomfortofLymphedemainwomentreatedforbreastcancer.Lymphisathin,milkyfluidthatcollectsinspacesbetweencells.Carryinggerm-battlingimmunecells,itseepsthroughalacynetworkofchannelsinthebodybeforedrainingintothecirculatorysystem.Lymphedemaoccurswhenlymphbacksup,ofteninanarmorsometimesinthetorso,aftersurgeryorradiationalterslymphchannels.SeveralrecentstudiessuggestthatagradualapproachandproperprecautionsmakeresistancetrainingunlikelytoraisetheriskofdevelopingLymphedemaorworseningitifitalreadyexists.Thal'simportantnews.ResistancetraininghelpsreversethemusclelossandfatgaincalledSarcopeniathatoftenfollowschemo-therapyandhormonaltherapy.It'shelpfulinotherways,too.Osteoporosis,whichsetsthestageforlife-alteringbonefractures,maybehastenedbycertainanticancertreatments.Chemo-therapy,forexample,sometimespusheswomenintoearlymenopausebypre-maturelyshuttingdowntheirovaries.Sinceestrogenhelpsprotectsbones,losingitspeedsbone-thinning,particularlyinthespineandhips,whichareespeciallyvulnerabletofractures.Alsoknowntocontributetoosteoporosisisaclassofbreast-cancerdrugscalledaromataseinhibitorsthatcutoffthemostplentifulsupplyofestrogenaftermenopausebyinterruptingtheprocessthatconvertsandrogensintoestrogen.Resistancetrainingslowsbonelossandmayevenstrengthenbones.Qualityoflifecounts,too.Inclinicaltrials,moderatetovigorousexerciseprogramsnotchedupprogressivelyto45-minutesessionsatleastthreetimesaweekeasedanxietyanddepression,enhancedmoodandself-esteem,andhelpedcounterfatigue.Thusfar,therearefewstudiesofexerciseinwomenwithadvancedbreastcancer,althoughearlyevidencesuggeststhatphysicalactivityoffersbenefitshere,too,suchaslessfatigue.Morerigorousstudiesinvestigatinglinksbetweenbreastcancerandexerciseareunderway.Don'tsettlebacktoawaitdevelopments,though.Risefromyourreadingandheadoutforawalk.词汇注解重点单词therapy/*0erapi/［中文释义］n.疗法，治疗［大纲全义］n.治疗，疗法，（不需要药物或手术的）物理疗法treatmentArilmont/［中文释义］n.治疗【大纲全义］n.治疗，疗法;讨待;待遇;处理;论述vulnerable/'vAlnarab（9）l/［中文释义］adj.易受伤害的［大纲全义］adj.易受攻击的;易受伤的，脆弱的roughlyfrAfli/

54［中文释义］adv概略地［大纲全义］adv粗糙地;毛糙地speculate/'spekju,leit/［中文释义］v.推测［大纲全义］V.思索;推测;投机tumor［中文释义］n.肿块［大纲全义］n.（肿）瘤.肿块moderatefmOdareit/［中文释义］adj.适度的［大纲全义］adj.有节制的;中等的;适度的;温和的;穗健的;合理的v缓和;使适中;审核（评分）n.持温和观点者（尤指政见）strenuous/'strenjuss/［中文释义］adj.高强度的［大纲全义］adj.费力的;繁重的;奋发的;顽强的negative/'negativ/［中文释义］adj阴性的［大纲全义］adj.否定的，消极的，阴性的n.负数;（摄影）底片，负片heartening/'ha:tanig/［中文释义］adj.振奋人心的［大纲全义］adj.振奋人心的vigorous/'vigoras/［中文释义］adj.精力充沛的［大纲全义］adj.朝气蓬勃的，精力旺盛的;有力的reproductive/'riipro'dAktiv/［中文释义］adj.生殖的［大纲全义］adj.复制的，生殖的versus/'va:sas/冲文释义］adj.相时比【大纲全义］prep.（vs.）......对......（在诉讼，比赛等）；与......相对超纲单词estrogenn.雌激素hormonallyadv.荷尔蒙的androgenn.男性荷尔蒙menopausen.停经期ovaryn.卵巢cascaden.大量invasiveadj.侵略性的insulinn.腹岛素pubertyn.青春期重点段落译文据美国癌症协会预计，今年将有24100名女性得知她们患有乳腺癌，另外还有4万名女性将死于这种癌症。幸运的是，在过去十年里人们研发了越来越有效的治疗方法来帮助人们延长寿命，这使得自1990年以来死于乳腺癌的人数已经开始逐渐减少。生活在我们周围的女性中有200多万名妇女曾接受乳腺癌治疗。

55有些女性的病史或基因使她们特别容易患上乳腺癌，但现代的灵丹妙药如他莫昔芬和雷洛昔芬则可以降低这些女性患乳腺癌的风险。同时大量的研究表明体育锻炼一同人类一样古老的运动可以从本质上降低女性患上乳腺癌的几率，延长女性寿命以及从很大程度上提高患乳腺癌妇女的生活质量。科学家并不完全明白为什么体育锻炼如此有效，但他们正积极地寻找答案。经诊断，大约有三分之二的乳腺癌患者雌性激素呈阳性，这就意味着荷尔蒙雌激素会导致病况的恶化，其余患者的雌性激素均呈阴性。许多专家相信经常运动可以降低体内血管中雌激素的循环量，所以对于某些类型的乳腺癌患者而言减少雌性激素等于减少恶化。同时运动还可以减少激素活跃的脂肪组织。由脂肪产生的一种叫做芳香化酶的物质可以将雄性激素转换为雌性激素。绝经后，当卵巢停止分泌大量的雌性激素时，这种激素大量转换就成为女性体内主要的雌性激素来源。最近两个精心设计的大型研究表明，体育锻炼或许不仅仅只在与雌激素相关联的荷尔蒙机能上起作用。在上个月发表在《内科医学档案》上的一项研究中，研究人员推测运动可能会影响肿瘤的侵害。此外研究者们还发现长期进行中强度或高强度的活动可以降低患雌激素呈阴性的乳腺癌的风险（虽然不是雌性激素呈阳性的癌症）。由于可以有效地治疗雌激素呈阴性乳腺癌的方案很少，所以这可真是一个振奋人心的消息。早期针对运动的一些研究表明，锻炼也可以降低雌激素呈阳性乳腺癌的几率。科学家们正在研究运动对雌性激素之外的胰岛素、瘦素和某些生长激素的作用。早期，特别是青春期的规律性锻炼和足以抑制生长激素生长的充沛运动也可以改善乳腺癌得病率。2005年，一项关于终身锻炼的多通道研究，把四千多名白种人和黑种人的乳腺癌幸存者与控制力相联系。研究人员发现，参加运动最多的女性比参加运动最少的女性患乳腺癌的几率减少了20%。FromTheNewYorkTimesByKateMurphyApr.17,20079.TeachingDoctorstoTeachPatientsaboutLifestyleEverybodyknowsthatdiet,exerciseandotheraspectsoflifestyleplayasignificantroleinhealth.Butthespecificsarelesswellunderstood.Towhatextentdoeslifestylecauseorcontributetodiseaseanddisability?Andwhatexactlyisahealthylifestyleanyway?Thereismuchconfusionaboutwhattypeofdietorexerciseisbest,nottomentionhowmuchsleep,stressorsexisideal.Norisitclearhowbesttomotivatepeopletochangetheirhabits.Thislackofclarityhasinspiredagrowingmovementtoinformhealthprofessionalsandpatientsabouttheimportanceoflifestyleinpreventingandtreatingdisease.Itsaimsaretodisseminatescientificresearchaboutwhatitmeanstolivewellandtoencouragedoctorsandotherproviderstoincorporatethisknowledgeintotheirpractices.Twoyearsago,agroupofdoctorsfoundedanorganizationwiththegoalofmakinglifestylemedicineacredentialedclinicalspecialtyandapartofbasicmedicaltraining.Symptomaticallytreatingdiseasewithoutassessingpatients'lifestylesorofferingthemguidanceonhowtochangeis"irresponsibleandborderingonneglect/'saidDr.JohnH.KellyJr.,presidentofthefledglingorganization,theAmericanCollegeofLifestyleMedicine.AprofessorofpreventivemedicineattheLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineinCalifornia,Dr.Kellysaidthegroupwasformedbecauseofpeoplelikehisuncle.Givenadiagnosisofheartdisease,theunclehadastentsurgicallyimplantedtoopenacloggedarterybutreceivednoadviceonhowhemightchangehislifestyle,eventhoughresearchshowsthatdiet,exerciseandstressmanagementcouldgreatlyimprovehiscondition.Dr.Kellysayslifestylemedicineisessentialinfightingthenationalepidemicsofobesity,diabetesandcardiovasculardisease."Wecannotsolvethehealthproblemsofsocietyunlesswechangeourfocus

56fromacute,episodiccaretohealthpromotionandwellness-lifestylemedicine,"hesaid.TheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionreportsthat1.7millionAmericansdieand25millionaredisabledeachyearbychronicdiseasescausedormadeworsebyunhealthylifestyles.Anda2005studyinTheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinepredictedthataveragelifeexpectancyintheUnitedStateswoulddeclineinthenext20yearsasaresultofunhealthylifestyles,reversingatrenddatingtothe1850s.TheAmericanCollegeofLifestyleMedicinehas150membersinawidearrayofspecialties-nutritionists,ophthalmologists,gastroenterologistsandoncologists,amongothers.Helpingtheircauseisanewpublication.TheAmericanJournalofLifestyleMedicine,whichappearseveryothermonthwithpeer-reviewedresearchonthewaydailyhabitsaffecthealth.nBottomlineiswewanttopromotethescience,educationandpracticeoflifestylemedicine,"Dr.Kellysaid.Lifestylemedicineproponentsincluderesearchersandcliniciansfromthefieldsofmedicineandpublichealth.Whiletheyagreeontheimportanceofquestioningpatientsabouttheirlifestylesandgivingtailoredadviceonhowtomakeimprovements,thereremainsdisagreementaboutwhoshouldprovidesuchcounselingandwithwhatsortoftraining.Noristhereawidelyacceptedprescriptiveapproachforencouragingpatientcompliance.“Weknowlifestyleinterventionscanbeverypowerful,oftenmoreeffectivethandrugsorsurgery,"saidDr.JoAnnManson,aprofessorofepidemiologyatHarvard'sSchoolofPublicHealthandamemberoftheeditorialboardofthenewjournal.4tButweneedtoprovidethescientificevidenceanhowtoincorporatethatknowledgeintopractice."Doctorsmayvaguelyrecommendthatpatientsloseweightorgetmoresleep,forexample,buttheydonotnecessarily,knowhowtohelpthemdoit.Moreover,manyphysiciansthemselveshaveunhealthyhabitsthatmaypreventthemfromofferingadvice.''Sleep-depriveddoctorwhoscarfcandybarsforlunchtendtofeelinhibitedincounselingotherswhentheyaren'texactlysettinganexample,nsaidDr.WalterWillett,chairmanofthedepartmentofnutritionattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthandamemberofthelifestylemedicinecollege'sboardofadvisers.“Primarycaregiversatleastshouldhaveextensivetraininginlifestylemedicine/*Dr.Willettsaid."Andit*sreasonablefortheretobeamedicalspecialty'*sopatientscanconsultatrainedpractitionerwhoiscertifiedasanexpertinthefield.Otherssaylifestylemedicineshouldbeincorporatedintoeveryfacetofhealthcare."Idon'tthinkit'sappropriatetosegmentitoff,**saidDr.ThomasW.Rowland,chiefofpediatriccardiologyatBaystateMedicalCenterinSpringfield,Mass.,whoroutinelycounselschildrenandparentsonhowtoadopthealthlifestyles.*'itneedstobeafundamentalpartofeverydoctorspracticeandthereforeapartofeverymedicalschool'scorecurriculum.nStill,heacknowledgesthattherearesignificantobstacles,becauselifestyleconsumingistime-consumingandisseldomcompensatedbyMedicareorhealthinsurers.ReimbursementisachiefconcernoftheAmericanCollegeofLifestyleMedicine.ThegroupplanstolobbyCongresstothatend.AnditwantsCongresstorequirethatpatientsbeinformedabouttherelativeeffectivenessoflifestylechangesbeforereceivingcertainmedications-includingbloodpressure,acidreflexandcholesteroldrugs-andbeforeundergoingprocedureslikebacksurgery,bypasssurgeryandstentplacement.Butfirst,Dr.Kellysaid,patientsandinsurersneedtobeassuredoftheprofessionalismoflifestylemedicineproviders.

57Somedoctorssaythemovementsuffersfromfringeelementsthatadvocateunprovenstrategieslikestrictvegandietsanddailysaunas.“Lifestylemedicinehastobescientificallybasetodistinguishitfromallthequackeryoutthere,"saidDavidR.Brown,seniorbehavioralscientistinthedivisionofnutritionandphysicalactivityatthediseasecontrolcenter.Dr.Kellyagreed."Weneedtohaveacertificationprocessinplacewithrigorous,evidencebasedstandards,Hhesaid.Proponentsoflifestylemedicinearequicktodistinguishitfromalternativemedicine.44Thisismainstreammedicinesupportedbymainstreammedicalresearch/'saidDr.JamesM.Rippe,associateprofessorofcardiologyatTuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicineandtheeditorofTheAmericanJournalofLifestyleMedicine."Thelifestylemedicinemovementisnotanantiprocedure,anti-medicationmovement.HRather,hesaid,itadvocatesthatlifestyleinterventionsbecomepartofdoctor'sarsenalinfightingdisease:"Fortoolongwe'veignoredoutmostpowerfulweaponwhenitshouldbeourfirstlineofdefense.^^词汇注解重点单词extent/iks*tent/【文中释义】n.程度【大纲全义】n.广度，宽度，长度：程度，限度confusion/kan'fju:J9n/【文中释义】n.混乱状况【大纲全义】n.困惑，糊涂；混淆；混乱，骚乱clarity/'klaeriti/【文中释义】n.【大纲全义】n.清晰，明晰inspire/in'spaia/【文中释义】v.激发【大纲全义】v.鼓舞，激起；使产生灵感inform/in'fo：m/【文中释义】v.通知【大纲全义】v.(of,abouo通知，告诉，报告;告发，告密incorporate/in'ko：pareit/【文中释义】V.具体表现【大纲全义】V.合并，纳入，结合adj.合并的epidemic/,epi'dem汰/【文中释义】n.流行病【大纲全义】adj.流行性的；传染的;n流行病;.传播expectancy/ik'spektansi/【文中释义】n.期待【大纲全义】n.期待decline/di'klain/【文中释义】v.降低

58【大纲全义】V.下降，衰落；拒绝Proponent/pra^aunant/【文中释义】n.建议者【大纲全义】n.提议者，建议者；counselingfkaunsQlirj/【文中释义】n.顾客服务【大纲全义】n.顾客服务超纲单词disseminatev.传播symptomaticallyadv.具有征候地cardiovascularadj.心血管性的gastroenterologistn.胃肠科医师,谢绝n.下降；斜面，倾斜，衰落支持者；辩护者credentialedadj.信任的cloggedadj.堵塞的oncologistn.肿瘤科医师重点段落译文众所周知，饮食、锻炼以及生活方式的其他方面在维持身体健康方面扮演着十分重要的角色。但是具体起什么作用仍不是十分清楚。在何种程度上生活方式会诱发或导致疾病和致残？健康的生活方式到底是什么样的？哪一种饮食习惯或锻炼方式才是最佳的，人们一直对此困惑不解，更不用说多长时间的睡眠、多大的压力或多长时间的性爱才是理想的了。对如何最有效地激励人们改变自己的生活习惯也不大清楚。正是由于人们缺乏清晰的认识才促使一场运动蓬勃开展，以告诫卫生专业人员和病人，生活方式在预防和治疗疾病中的重要性。这场运动旨在传播一些科学研究的成果，即有关更好地生活意味着什么，同时还旨在鼓励医生和其他医务人员把这些知识应用到实践中。两年前一批医生成立了一个组织，该组织的目的在于让生活方式成为临床专科的特效药并且成为基本医疗培训的一部分。美国生活方式医药大学的一个新兴组织的负责人约翰•凯利博士曾谈道，如果在治疗疾病时忽视评估病人的生活方式或是没有为他们提供如何来改变生活方式的指导。就是一种不负责任和接近于无视的态度。加利福尼亚洲洛玛连达大学医学院预防医学会的凯利教授谈道，这个团体是在像他叔叔那样的人的启示下成立的。他的叔叔经诊断患有心脏病，但是他叔叔没有获得任何有关如何改变他的生活方式的建议一一即便有研究表明饮食、锻炼和压力管理在很大程度上可以改善他的身体状况一一就接受了一个意在打开一个堵塞的动脉血管的支架植入手术。凯利博士谈道，生活方式这一药品在极力对抗全国流行病，如肥胖、糖尿病和心血管疾病的战役中起着十分重要的作用。他还说，“我们不可能完全解决健康问题，除非我们将注意力从急性的、陈发性的护理健康转移到促进健康的生活方式上来。”美国疾病预防和控制中心有报道称，不健康的生活方式会引发或恶化慢性疾病，每年有170万美国人死于此，而且还有2500万人因此致残。新英格兰医学期刊上一份2005年的研究预言，由于不健康的生活方式一一这可追溯至19世纪50年代一一美国人的平均生命期望值将在未来20年内减小。美国生活方式医学院有150个成员，涉及各个专业领域的营养学家、眼科专家、胃肠病学家、肿瘤学家及其他专家。虽然生活方式医药倡议者一一包括来自各个医药和公共健康领域的研究人员和临床医师，他们均认为查问患者的生活方式，并就如何改善提出针对性的意见是十分重要的，但仍在究竟谁应该提供这样的咨询服务以及提供什么样的培训指导方面存在着分歧。也没有一个鼓励病人遵守的规范性做法能被普遍接受。