space environment - universidad politécnica de madrid空间环境-大学政治与# 233；合同的马德里

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1、SpaceenvironmentTHERMALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESPACEENVIRONMENT1Whereaboutinspace1TheEarthatmosphere(ascentandre-entry)2LowEarthorbit(LEO)4Outerspace4Backgroundradiations5Microwavebackgroundradiation5Cosmicradiation5Solarwind6Solarradiation.Power6Solarradiat

2、ion.Spectrum8Radiationfromothercelestialbodies8Solarradiationabsorptance,transmittance,andreflectance15Albedo16Planetemission20Thermalcharacteristicsofplanetarymissions21Mercury23Venus24TheMoon25Mars26Jupiter28Saturn29Uranus30Neptune31Comets31Afewdatatok

3、eepinmindforspacecraftthermalcontrol32References32THERMALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHESPACEENVIRONMENTThisisareviewoftheenvironmentalcharacteristicsofspacewhichmayberelevanttospacecraftthermalcontroldesign.Thespaceenvironmentisofinteresttospacecraftdesigninmanyre

4、spects:·Thevacuumenvironment(effectsonpressure,heattransfer,andoutgassing).·Theradiationenvironment(electromagneticandatomic).·Thegravitationenvironment(includingmicrogravity).·Themicrometeoriteandresidualspacedebris.·Theresidualatmosphereenvironment(res

5、idualairdrag,aerodynamicheating,andchemicalreactions).·Theelectricalandmagneticenvironment,etc.WhereaboutinspaceItseemsthattheterm‘space’wasfirstusedtomeantheregionbeyondEarth'sskyinJohnMilton'sParadiseLostin1667.Severalregionsinspaceareofinteresttospace

6、craftthermalcontrol(STC),beginningwiththeEarthatmosphere,passingbyouteropenspace,andperhapsreachingotherplanetaryatmospheresandsurfaces.Itisamatterofconsensustodefinewherethespacebegins.Forthepurposeofspacecraftflight,thisbound,adoptedbytheInternationalA

7、stronauticFederation(IAF)asaroughseparationfromaeronautics(possibilityofaerodynamicflight)andastronautics(possibilityofnon-poweredorbitalflight)is100km,knownastheKármánline.TheodorevonKármándeducedinthe1950sthatavehiclewouldhavetoflyfasterthanorbitalvelo

8、citytohavesufficientaerodynamicliftfromtheairtostayaloftatthataltitude.Themeanfreepathat100kmaltitudeisl=0.14m,renderingthecontinuumhypothesis(requiringL>>l)untenableforordinarysystems(ofsizeL),andkinetictheoryoffreemolecu