KKV.1994.Designing Social Inquiry： Scientific Inference in QualitativeResearch.pdf

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1、DesigningSocialInquiryDesigningSocialInquirySCIENTIFICINFERENCEINQUALITATIVERESEARCHGaryKingRobertO.KeohaneSidneyVerbaPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESSPRINCETON,NEWJERSEYCopyright©1994byPrincetonUniversityPressPublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540InTheUnitedKingdom

2、:PrincetonUniversityPress,Chichester,WestSussexAllRightsReservedLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataKing,Gary.Designingsocialinquiry:scientificinferenceinqualitiativeresearch/GaryKing,RobertO.Keohane,SidneyVerba.p.cm.IncludesbibliographicalreferencesandindexISBN0-691-03470-2(cloth:alk

3、.paper)ISBN0-691-03471-0(pbk.:alk.paper)1.Socialsciences—Methodology.2.Socialsciences—Research.3.InferenceI.Keohane,RobertOwen.II.Verba,Sidney.III.Title.H61.K5437199493-39283300′.72—dc20CIPThisbookhasbeencomposedinAdobePalatinoPrincetonUniversityPressbooksareprintedonacid-freepaperandmeetthegui

4、delinesforpermanenceanddurabilityoftheCommitteeonProductionGuidelinesforBookLongevityoftheCouncilonLibraryResourcesPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica109876543Thirdprinting,withcorrectionsandexpandedindex,1995ContentsPrefaceix1TheScienceinSocialScience31.1Introduction31.1.1TwoStylesofResearch,One

5、LogicofInference31.1.2DefiningScientificResearchinSocialSciences71.1.3ScienceandComplexity91.2MajorComponentsofResearchDesign121.2.1ImprovingResearchQuestions141.2.2ImprovingTheory191.2.3ImprovingDataQuality231.2.4ImprovingtheUseofExistingData271.3ThemesofThisVolume281.3.1UsingObservableImplica

6、tionstoConnectTheoryandData281.3.2MaximizingLeverage291.3.3ReportingUncertainty311.3.4ThinkinglikeaSocialScientist:SkepticismandRivalHypotheses322DescriptiveInference342.1GeneralKnowledgeandParticularFacts352.1.1“Interpretation”andInference362.1.2“Uniqueness,”Complexity,andSimplification422.1.3

7、ComparativeCaseStudies432.2Inference:theScientificPurposeofDataCollection462.3FormalModelsofQualitativeResearch492.4AFormalModelofDataCollection512.5SummarizingHistoricalDetail532.6DescriptiveInference552.7CriteriaforJudgingDescri