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--------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------How to improve the ability of listening, speaking, reading and writingHowtoimprovetheabilityoflistening,speaking,readingandwritingI.IntroductionThepurposeofmiddleschoolEnglishteachingistoimprovethestudents’fourskillsoflistening,speaking,readingandwriting,withthebaseofnecessaryphonetics,largevocabularyandgoodgrammar,Butthisisnotthefinalpurpose.Thefinalpurposeistolotletstudentsbeabletousethelanguage.WhydowestudyEnglish?Ifamanisonlygoodatlisteningandspeaking,canwesaythatheisgoodatEnglish?No,Ifamanisonlygoodatreadingandwriting,canwesaythatheisgoodatthelanguage?No,IfastudentisgoodatEnglish,heshouldbeabletousethelanguage,bothinspokingandwriting.NowmostofthestudentsdobetterinreadingandwritingEnglishthaninlisteningandspeaking.Theycanreadandwrite,buttheycanhardlycommunicate.Theycanhardlyexpressthemselveswiththeirownwords.Thisispartiallybecauseofourexaminationsystem,andpartiallyoftheteachingmethod.Wearenotabletochangetheexaminationsystem,butwecanimproveourteachingmethod.Mostofalltheteachersliketoprovidethestudentswithalotofknowledge-words,20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------phrases,grammar,usagesandsoon,Theyarefocusingthesething,especiallyonthegrammar.Yes,thestudentsdoneedthese,butmanyteachersforgettoteachthemhowtostudyEnglish,andhowtouseit.Sowhenyouaregivingtheknowledgetothestudents,don’tforgettoteachthemalltheabilitiesofthefourskills.II.Waysondevelopingthefourabilities1.ListeningTheteachersoftenspeakofthefourskills-listening,speaking,readingandwriting.Thatmeanseachofthemisimportant.Youcan’tsaythatyouhavemasteredthelanguagewithoutanyoneofthem,Listening,oneofthemeansoflanguagecommunication,isusedmostwidelyinpeople’sdailylives.About45%ofanadult’stimeconcernslisteningtootherpeople,listeningtotheradio,listeningtothemusic.Inlinguistics,givingthestudentsalotoflisteningactivitiesisagoodwayofenlargingtheirvocabulary.Ontheotherhand,italsohelpsthestudentsimprovetheirlisteningcomprehension.Ihavedoneaninvestigation.About43.2%ofthestudentsthinkthatthemostbotheringandmostdifficultislisteningcomprehension,andevensomeofthemhavedifficultyinunderstandingtheirteacherwhogiveslessonsinEnglish.Withoutquestion,itisdifficultofamiddleschoolstudenttounderstandthelistening20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------material,ifhehasn’tenoughvocabularyandtheabilityoftellingthegrammarconstruction.Inmyinvestigation,about35%ofthestudentswithlowlisteningcomprehensionthingthisisbecausetheydon’tunderstandorknowtheknowledgeaboutlinguistic,theyarenotabletotellthemeansofawhattheyhaveheard.Inmyanotherinvestigation,studentswereaskedtolistentoadialogueof244words,inwhichthewordsandgrammarhavealreadybeenlearned.But80%ofthemthoughtitwastoodifficult.Then,usingthesamedialogueasareadingcomprehensionmaterial,Ifoundonly5%ofthemthoughtitwasalittledifficult,ontheotherhandtheresponseabilityisalsoanotherreason.Itisclearthatthereadingspeedofamaterialalsoaffects.About43%ofthestudentsthoughtthatthematerialwasreadtoofastandtheycouldn’tfollow.Alotofstudentshavetheirownlisteninghabits.Somestudentsoftentriestounderstandeachwordoreachsentence.Theywillthinkhardwhentheymeetsomedifficultwordsorsentences,andagreatmanystudentscouldunderstandthematerialdirectly,TheyoftentranslatetheEnglishintoChineseintheirheart,thinkingthatonlyinthiswaycanthesentencebeunderstood.Thisisalsoareason,tryingtounderstandeachwordisdifficult,anditisnotnecessaryatall.Youshouldcatchthemostimportantpoints.Thenhowtoimprovethestudents’listeningskill?Weknowthelargestdifferencebetweenmotherlanguagelearningandforeignlanguage20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------learningistheenvironment.Achildcansoonlearnhismotherlanguagewell.Hehasheardalotbeforehecansaysomethingandwalk.Thenafterheisabletowalkandsay,hehasachanceoflisteningtomore.Beforehegoestoschool,hehasalreadybeenagoodlistenerandspeaker.Butforaforeignlanguage,youcanmeetitonlyinformalplaces,classes,forexample,otherwise,youcanhardlyhaveachancetomeetit.SoIthinkyoushouldtrytoletthestudentsbeinalanguageenvironment.Letthestudentsgraspthephoneticsymbol.Ithinkthephoneticsymbolisthebase.AgoodintonationandphoneticdHowtoimprovetheabilityoflistening,speaking,readingandwritingependsonthebase.Oralreadingafteraradioorateacherisagoodwayatthebeginning,Studentsshoulddomuchaboutit.Payattentiontotheoralreadingskill,Itincludesstress,strongform,weakform,intonationincompleteplosiveconsonant,affricateconsonant,syllableandsoon.Trainingandpracticingtheoralreadingisnotaday’sword.Theteachermustgivecorrectinformationaboutit.Thereisnoeasyway.Enlargethestudents’knowledgeaboutEnglish.Encouragethestudentstoreadsomethingintheirsparetimeaboutgeography,history,culture,storiesandsoon.Forexample,therearetwomaterialsofthesamedifficulty.OneexplainssomethingaboutChina’sSpringFestival,theother20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------isaboutThanksgivingDayofthewesterncountries.Theformeriseasytounderstandbutthelatterismoredifficult.Why?Itisclearlybecausethestudentsknowlittleaboutthelatter.Bothlisteningtestandlisteningpracticearenecessary,butpracticeismoreimportant.Youcanunderstandyourstudentsthroughlisteningtests.Onlythroughthepracticecanthestudentsimprovetheirlisteningcomprehension.2.SpeakingSpeakingcan’tbetaughtseparately.Itisoftenconnectedwithlistening.Soweoftenspeakoflisteningandspeaking.Thetraditionalwayoflisteningandspeakingisaural-oralmethod.Now,thenewmethodoftwo-waycommunicationisverypopular.Asyouknowthatanyteachingmethodhasitspsychologicalbase.Theaural-oralmethodbeganinthe1940’s.Itisbasedonbehaviourism.Oneofitspsychologicaltheoryisthatlearningalanguageisformingasetofnewlanguagehabit.Thisisitsusualprocess:20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement.Theaural-oralmethodisfitfortheteachingofbeginningstage.ItfocusesonthepracticeoforalEnglishdrills.Buttoomanydrillsarebeingpracticedwithoutanycontextorgivenconditions.Sowhatislearnedisisolatedclauses.Andithasfewcommunicativefunctions.Thetwo-waycommunicationmakesupforthedefectincommunicativeabilityinthetraditionalteaching.Two-waymeanstherelationshipofthecommunicationbetweentheteacherandthestudents.Thisrelationshipisconnectedwiththecommunicativeactivitiesbetweentwopeople.Thismethodisdifferentfromthetraditionalaural-oralmethod.ButitalsobasesontheprocessofS-R-R.Sowecallitamewtypeofaural-oralmethodhassomepeculiarities.ItcancreateafreshenvironmentforspeakingEnglish.ItneedssomenecessaryexplanationsofGrammar,includingsomesentencestructures.Hintsarethemajorwayofpractice.Teacherscancontrolthepracticewhollyorpartly.Thepracticecanalsobecontroledbystudentsfreely.Theinternalforceofstudyisnotduetotheinsterestsinphoneticstructure,butthecontentofthe20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------material.Tomakethecorrectresponse,thestudentsareaskedtopaymoreattention.Example:Teacher:AskmeifIamastudent.Student:Areyouastudent?T:Tellme-No,You’reateacher.S:No,I’mateacher.Inthisexample,“Askme”meansthatthestudentmustsayaquestionsentencewhile“Tellme”showsthatthestudentmustsayadecarativesentence.Butbeforedoingthis,theteachermustexplainsomethingabouttheexchangeofinterrogativesentenceanddeclarativesentence.Thetwo-waycommunicationcanlengthenthedialoguelimitlessly.Thisisitsadvantage.Atthesametime,ifthestudentwantstogivethecorrectresponse,hehastothinkithard,Thesentenceisnoteasilyforgottenwhichisereatedbythemselvesthroughthinking,sometimeswiththeteacher’shint.Youcantalkfreely.Youcanexpressyourselfaswellasyoucan.For20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------example:T:Askmehowmangpeoplethereareinmyfamily.S:howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?T:Tellme-therearefiveS:TherearefiveT:Askmewhatmyprreutsdo.S:Whatdoyourparentsdo?T:tellme-yourfatherisateacherandyourmotherworksinacompany.S:Myfatherisateacherandmymotherwordsinacompany.T:Askmeifmyfatherlikeshisjob.&nHowtoimprovetheabilityoflistening,speaking,readingandwritingbsp;S:Doesyourfatherlikehis20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------job.T:Tellme-Sure,helikesteachingverymuch.S:Sure,helikesteachingverymuch.Alltheseresponsesformacompletedialogue.A:Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?B:Therearefive.A:Whatdoyourparentsdo?B:Myfatherisateacherandmymotherworksinacompany.A:Doesyourfatherlikehisjob?B:Sure,helikesteachingverymuch.Ifyouwanttoaskmoreabout“father”orotherfamilymembers,thedialoguecangoonasfara20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------possible.So,inaword,theaural-oralmethodisnotaout-of-dateone,butausefulone.Especiallyitisfitforthebeginningstage.Itattachestheimportancetotheoraldrills,andhasabadcommunicativefunction.Itisonlyusedtoaphoneticbase.Afterall,theaimofthelanguagelearningistocommunicate.Sothetwo-waycomunicationismoreeffectiveanddirect,butitisalsofitforthebeginningstage.3.ReadingReadingisanimportantwayofgaininginformationinforeignlanguagelearning,Itisabasicskillforaforeignlanguagelearner.Thereisalotofreadingexercisesinanexaminationtoday.Butallthesereadingsmustbedoneinlimitedtime.Sostudentsareaskedtoreadthemcorrectlyandwithacertainspeed.Todothis,youshouldchangeyourbadreadinghabitandraiseyourreadingefficiency.Newwordspreventyoufromreadingfast.Onewaytoovercomethisproblemistoguess.Therearemanywaystoguessthemeaningofanewword.Firstyoushouldfindsomehints.Context,somephrases,suchas“means”,“referto”,“inotherwords”,“Thatistosag”;areallthehints.Model1.Amiddle-agedprofessorsaidthathiswifewastooextravant,becausenomatterhow20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------muchhegiveherforthehouseholdexpenses,shealwaysranshort.Inthissentence,themeaningoftheword“extravagant”canbeeasilyguessed.Model2.Prometheusstayedchaiedtothelockformanyyears,Thenatlastthemighty.Herculescameforthandbrokethebonds-butthatisanotherofthewonderfulstoriesoftheGreeks.InThispargraph,thewords“stayedchained”isthehint,Soyoucanguesswhat“bonds”means.Model3.Thetinydropletsthatformondustparticlesverysmallpiecesofdust,toproduceacloudarefarapartfromeachother.Inthissentence,thewordsafterthedashshowsthemeaningoftheword“partides”(微粒)Besidesthewaysmentionedabove,youcanguessaccordingtotheword-formation,for20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------exampleChild-childless,Marx-MarxismLarge-enlarge,tell-foretellAustralian+satellite→AussateState+run→state-run.Sometimesyoucan’tguesswhatthewordmeans.Iftheworddoesn’taffectyourreading,letitbe.Forexample,AGermantoldmethatalloverChinatheyuseGourmetpowderintheirfood.Itwillgiveyouhigherbloodpressure.Youmayknowthatgourmetitakindofthingthatcanbeeat.Butitdoesn’tmatterwhetheryouknowwhatitis.Anotherproblemthataffectyourreadingspeedisyoureadinghabitandyoureadingskill.Someonereadswordbyword.Someonereadswithhisfingerpointingtothewordsor20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------withhisheadshaking.Thoseareallbadhabits.Youshouldreadphrasebyphrase.Don’tblinkyoureyessooftenanddon’tshakeyouhead.Justmoveyoureyeball.That’senough.Ifyouwanttogetmorewordinformation,theremustbeaproperdistancebetweenyoureyesandthereadingmaterial.Ithinkbrowsingisanimportantstepwhileyouaredoingyoureadingcomprehension.Somestudentsbegintoreadatoncewhenhegetareadingmaterial,evenwithoutknowing,itstitle.Butafterreadingformanytimes,hewon’tunderstandwhatthearticlesays.Lookingthroughthematerialfirstmeansforereading.Inanexamination,youwanttograintheinformationwhichthequestionsask,youcan’treadthematerialinausualway,youcan’treadthewholematerialwordbyword.Yougadhavetoomitsomesentence,sometimesevenawholeparagraph,whichhavenothingtodowiththequestions.Howtoimprovetheabilityoflistening,speaking,readingandwritingIthinkyoumightreadthegivenquestionsfastaswell,thenthematerial.Thereisanadvantagetodothis.Whenyoureadthematerialwiththequestions,youcansaveyourtime.20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------Model:AFestivalAtmosphere.AtmidnightonNewYear’sEve,peopleinRome,Italy,throwoutallthethingstheynolongerwant.Thestreetsarefilledwitholdchairs,beds,clothesanddishes.InMadrid,Spain,thenewYearcomesinmorequietly.Peoplecometothemainsouare.Eachholdsabagofgrapes(葡萄).Astheclockstrikestwelve,thepeopleeatthegrapes----oneforeachstroke.InTokyo,capitalofJapan,peopleeatnoodlesinNewYear’sEve.Thisfoodissaidtobringlonglife.Earlythenextmorning,someJapanesefamiliesclimbMountFuji,TheretheywatchthefirstsunriseofthenewYear.1.ThisstoryisaboutNewYear’sEvein______.A.EuropeB.EuropeandLatinAucerica.C.Fourcapital20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------cities.D.Threecountries.2.ThewriterthinksNewYear’sEveinRomeis_____.A.interestingB.dullC.noisyD.happy3.Thenumberofgrapesthatmustbetake.Fromeachbagis_____.A.oneB.twelveC.thirteenD.20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------fourteen4.PeopleinbothSpainandJapanspendtheNewYear’sEve____.A.throwingthingsawayB.eatingaspecialfoodC.climbingamountainD.watchingthefirstsunrise5.PeopleclimbMountFujiontheNewYear’smorningto____.A.lookforhappinessB.meettheirfriendsC.enjoythebeautyofnatureD.dosomethingstrange6.PeoplewhohopetogainlonglifefromtheirNewYear’sfoodarethe20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------____.A.JapaneseB.SpanishC.ItaliansD.bothAandBLookthroughthequestionsfirst.No.1,3,4,6arethequestionswhichareaboutthecontentofthearticle.Thisinformationisconnectedwiththenames,numbersoractivitiesinthearticle,questionNo.2andNo.5arecomprehensiveones.Thenbrowsethearticle.Fromthequestionsandthetitleyoumayknowthatthearticleisaboutthefestivalcustomofdifferentcountries.Thearticleincludesthreeparagraphs.Eachtalksofadifferentplace____Rome,MadridandTokyo.Sowhenyouhavethefirstglanceoverthearticle,you’vegotthekeytoquestionNo.1.Afteryourglance,thesethingshavebeenputintoyourbrain:Rome-throwout-arefilledwith-Madrid-quietly-mainsquare-grapes-oneforeach20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------strokeTokyo-noodles-bringlonglife-climbMountFuji-firstsunriseNow,youmayhavesomeideaoftheoutlineofthearticle,Thenyoumayreadthewholematerial4.WritingWritingisonewayofprovidingvarietyinclassroomprocedures.Itprovidesastudentwithphysicalevidenceofhisachievementsandbecomesacoursewherebyhecanmeasurehisimprovement.Ithelpstoconsolidatethestudents’graspofvocabularyandstructure,andcomplementstheotherlanguageskills.Sentenceisthebaseofanarticle.Soweshouldbeginourwritingwithsentences.First,studentsshouldbeaskedtoexpresswithsentences-sentencesmaking,thentowriteshortarticles.1.Translation.TranslateChineseintoEnglish.First,theyshouldlearnthefivebasicsentencedrills.Thenchoosesometypicalsentencesinthetextasmodels,dosentencemakingafterthese20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------models.2.Sentencepatternexchanging.Byrewritingthesentences,practiseexpressingthesamemeaningwithdifferentpatterns.3.Textshorteningandrewriting.Ithelpstounderstandthetext,andhelpstowritecompositions.Itcanfosterstudents’abilitytosummarizeandtousethelanguagefreely.III.conclusionWhileyouaretrainingthesefourskills,you’dbettermakefulluseofyourteachinginstruHowtoimprovetheabilityoflistening,speaking,readingandwritingmentusevarietiesofwaystostimulatethestudents’interests.Generallyspeakingthesefourskillscan’tbeseparated.Peopleoftensay“Firstlisteningandspeaking,thenreadingandwriting”.That’sright.ButIthinkthiswayofsayingisfitforthebeginningstage.Foraseniormiddleschoolstudent,readingandwritingismoreimportant.Beforeyouaregoingtohaveanewlesson,doreadingandwritingfirst.Askstudentstoreadthetextinadvance,anddosomeexercisesconnectedwiththetext.Listeningandspeakingarethemajorwayswhileteachingthenewlesson.Besuretolet20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------精品文档Word可编辑值得收藏------------------------------------------------thelessongooninaforeignlanguagesituation.Youcanaskthestudentsquestionsaboutthetext,dosomediscussion,checkthestudents’homework.Thishelpsstudentsraisetheirabilityoflisteningandspeaking.Italsohelpstounderstandorcomprehendthetextandthesentences.Referencebooks:1.扶忠汉双向式英语,北京三环出版社.19902.周流溪中国中学英语教育百科全书.东北大学出版社.19953.李庭芗英语教学法.高等教育出版社.1983.34.HuangYuefa《EnglishTeachingMethodology》1991.7...........................20----------------------------------------------------精品文档值得收藏-----------------------------------------------------------
