铁矿石开采术语解释

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IronOreMining&ExplorationGlossaryABasicGlossaryofIronOreMiningandExplorationTermsTheinformationwepostonNorthland'swebsiteandinourpressreleasesregularlyusestechnicalminingtermswhichmaybeconfusingtonon-technicalshareholders.Listedbelowaresomebriefdefinitionsofsomeofthemorecommontermsyoumayseeinourwrittenmaterials.AssayAchemicaltestperformedonarocksampletodeterminetheamount--orgrade-ofvaluablemetalcontained.BlastFurnaceAshaftfurnaceinwhichsolidfuel(coke)isburnedwithanairblasttosmeltoreinacontinuousoperation.BulksampleAlargesampleofmineralizedrock,frequentlyhundredsoftonnes,selectedinsuchamannerastoberepresentativeofthepotentialorebodybeingsampled.Usedtodeterminemetallurgicalcharacteristicsonanindustrialscale.CokeCokeisasolidcarbonfuelandcarbonsourceusedtomeltandreduceironoreCokemakingTheprocessesusedtomakecoke.Theprocessbeginswithpulverized,bituminouscoal.Thecoalisfedintoacokeovenwhichissealedandheatedtoveryhightemperaturesfor14to36hours.Aftercompletion,thecokeismovedtoquenchingtowersandstoreduntilitisneeded.ConcentrateAfineproductseparatedinthemillingprocessthatcontainsahighpercentageofvaluablemetalConcentratorAprocesswhereironoreisupgradedtoahigherironcontent.Crushing Theprocessofbreakinguplargerocksintosmallerrocks,gravelorrockdust.Crushingisanessentialpartofthemining,reducingrun-of-mineoretoasizethatcanbeeasilytransportedorprocessed.CupolaFurnaceCupolafurnacesaretall,cylindricalfurnacesusedtomeltironandferroalloysinfoundryoperations.Alternatinglayersofmetalandferroalloys,coke,andlimestonearefedintothefurnacefromthetop.Cut-OffGradeThegradeorconcentrationofmetallicmineralsbelowwhichthematerialisconsideredtobeuneconomicaltomineandprocess.Acut-offgradeof20%Feimpliesthatanymaterialcontaininglessthan20%ironwillbeuneconomicaltomine.Iftheaverageminegradedropsbelowthecutoffgrade,theminewilloperateataloss.DilutionMixingoforegradematerialwithnon-oregradewastematerialintheminingprocess.Dilutionreducestheoverallgradeoftheore.Direct-ReducedIron(DRI)Producedfromthedirectreductionofironore(informoflumps,pelletsorfines)byareducinggasproducedfromnaturalgasorcoal.Direct-reducedironisricherinironthanpigiron,typically90-94%totaliron,asopposedtoabout93%formoltenpigiron,andanexcellentfeedstockfortheelectricfurnacesusedbyminimills,allowingthemtouselowergradesofscrapfortherestofthecharge.ElectricArcFurnaces(EAFs)Electricarcfurnacesareoftenusedinlargesteelfoundriesandsteelmills.Themetalischargedintothefurnace,withadditivestomakerecoveryofslageasier,andheattomeltthemetalisproducedwithanelectricarcfromthreecarbonorgraniteelectrodes.FrequentlymillsproducingsteelwithEAFtechnologyarecalledmini-mills.EnergyOptimizingFurnace(EOF)EOFwasdevelopedtoreplacetheelectricarcandothersteelmakingfurnaces.TheEOFisanoxygensteelmakingprocess.Carbonandoxygenreacttopreheatscrapmetal,hotmetaland/orpigiron.EnvironmentalbaselinestudiesTheenvironmentalmonitoringworkcompletedbeforeaproductiondecisionistakenonaminingproject,examiningtheexistingstateoftheenvironmentandthepotentialeffectsthatproposedminingactivities willhaveonthenaturalsurroundings.Thestudieswillincludegroundwater(lakes,streams,riversetc),wildlife(plantsandanimals),potentialnoiselevelsfromconstructionandminingoperations,potentialimpactsfromon-goingminingoperationssuchasdustandvibrationlevelsetc.FeasibilityStudy(BankableFeasibilityStudy)Adetailedengineeringstudywhichdefinesthetechnical,economic,socialandlegalviabilityofaminingprojectwithahighdegreeofreliability,identifyingandquantifyinganyrisksandprovidingsufficientinformationtodeterminewhetherornottheprojectshouldbeadvancedtothefinalengineeringandconstructionstage.Abankablefeasibilitystudyformsthebasisonwhichbanksandotherlendersprovidethecapitalnecessarytobuildthemine(s).FinesMaterialthatpassesthroughastandardscreenonwhichcoarserfragmentsareretained.FlotationAconcentrationprocessinwhichvaluablemineralparticlesareinducedtoattachedthemselvestobubblesandfloatawayfromthewasteparticlesinasolid/solutionpulp.Specificchemicalsareaddedtoeitherfloat(foamoff)particularmineralsortodepresstheflotationofotherminerals.Severalstagesofprocessingaregenerallyinvolvedwithroughbulkflotationproductsbeingsubjectedtoadditionalflotationstepstoincreaseproductpurity.GangueTheworthlessmineralsinanoredeposit.GradeThemetalcontentoforemeasuredingramspertonneorpercent.Forexample,agradeof40%ironimplies400kgofcontainedironforeach1,000kgofore.HematiteThemineralformofIron(III)oxide(Fe2O3),oneofseveralironoxides.InductionFurnacesInductionfurnacesarethemostwidelyusedtypeoffurnaceformeltingironandareincreasinglypopularformeltingnon-ferrousmetals(USEPA,1992).Theyarepopularbecausetheyprovideexcellentmetallurgicalcontrolandarerelativelypollutionfree. IronmakingDuringironmaking,ironore,coke,heatedairandlimestoneorotherfluxesarefedintoablastfurnacetoproducemoltenironthatisfreefromimpurities.IronOreRocksordepositscontainingcompoundsfromwhichironcanbemade.MagneticSeparationAprocessinwhichamagneticallysusceptiblemineralisseparatedfromwasteorundesirablemineralsbyapplyingastrongmagneticfield;oresofironarecommonlytreatedinthisway.MagnetiteFe3O4,IronOxide-adensemetallicgreyoremineralofiron.MetallurgyThestudyandpracticeofremovingvaluablemetalsfromanoreandrefiningtheextractedrawmetalsintoapurerform.MillAprocessingplantwhichcrushesandtreatsoreforthepurposeofupgradingthemineralcontentintoahighergradeproductcalledaconcentrate,ortoproducemetal.MineralogyThestudyofthechemistryandphysicalpropertiesoforeandganguemineralswithinmineraldeposits.MineralResourceaconcentrationoroccurrenceofnatural,solid,inorganicorfossilizedorganicmaterialinorontheEarth'scrustinsuchformandquantityandofsuchagradeorqualitythatithasreasonableprospectsforeconomicextraction.Thelocation,quantity,grade,geologicalcharacteristicsandcontinuityofaMineralResourceareknown,estimatedorinterpretedfromspecificgeologicalevidenceandknowledge.MineralReservetheeconomicallymineablepartofaMeasuredorIndicatedMineralResourcedemonstratedbyatleastapreliminaryfeasibilitystudy.Thisstudymustincludeadequateinformationonmining,processing,metallurgical,economicandotherrelevantfactorsthatdemonstrate,atthetimeofreporting,thateconomicextractioncanbejustified.AMineralReserve includesdilutingmaterialsandallowancesforlossesthatmayoccurwhenthematerialismined.Mini-MillsSteelproductionplantsthatrelyonsteelscrapasabasematerialratherthanore.Productsdonothavethetightchemicalcompositionofintegratedplantsandhavenarrowerproductlines.NetSmelterReturn(NSR)Aroyaltypaymentmadebyaproducerofmetalsbasedongrossmetalproductionfromtheproperty,lessdeductionofcertainlimitedcostsincludingsmelting,refining,transportationandinsurancecosts.NI43-101(NationalInstrument43-101)AsetofreportinganddisclosurestandardsimposedbyregulatorsonCanadianlistedminingandexplorationcompaniesthatgovernhowissuersreportscientificandtechnicalinformationabouttheirmineralprojectstothepublicanywhereintheworld.Itcoversoralstatementsaswellaswrittendocumentsandwebsites,anditrequiresthatalldisclosurebebasedonadvicebya"qualifiedperson".OreAmixtureofvaluablemineralsandganguemineralsfromwhichatleastoneofthemineralscanbeextractedataprofit.OverburdenThealluviumandrockthatmustberemovedinordertoexposeanoredeposit.PelletAsmall,round,marble-sizedballofironoremanufacturedasfeedforblastfurnaces.PelletizingTheprocessbywhichironoreiscrushed,groundintoapowder,rolledintoballsandfiredinafurnacetoproducestrong,marble-sizedpelletsthatcontain60%to65%iron.Rawironorepelletsaregenerallymanufacturedwithincertainsizecategoriesandwithmechanicalpropertieshighenoughtomaintainusefulnessduringthestressesoftransference,transport,anduse.Bothmechanicalforceandthermalprocessesareusedtoproducethecorrectpelletproperties.PigIrontheintermediateproductofsmeltingsteelorewithcokeandresin.Pigironhasaveryhighcarboncontent,typically3.5-4.5%,whichmakes itverybrittleandnotusefuldirectlyasamaterialexceptforlimitedapplications.Pigironistypicallypoureddirectlyoutofthebottomoftheblastfurnacethroughatroughintoaladlecarfortransfertothesteelplantinliquidform,referredtoashotmetal.Pre-feasibilitystudyApreliminaryassessmentoftheEconomicViabilityofadepositwhichformsthebasisforjustifyingthecompletionofamoreexpensiveFeasibilityStudy.Apre-feasibilitystudysummarizesallgeological,engineering,environmental,legalandeconomicinformationaccumulatedtodateontheproject.ThePrefeasibilityStudyshouldhaveerrorlimitsof±25%.QualifiedPerson(QP)Aqualifiedperson(QP)isdefinedinNI43-101asanindividualwhoisanengineerorgeoscientistwithatleastfiveyearsofexperienceinmineralexploration,minedevelopmentoroperationormineralprojectassessment,oranycombinationofthese;hasexperiencerelevanttothesubjectmatterofthemineralprojectandthetechnicalreport;andisamemberingoodstandingofaprofessionalassociation.TheQPmustwarranttheaccuracyandcompletenessofacompany'stechnicalreportsandpublicdisclosuressuchaspressreleasesorpresentationsandretainsprofessionalresponsibilityforthecontentsofthereport.ResourcecalculationThemathematicalorstatisticalprocessofcalculatingorestimatingtheamountofmaterialinamineraldeposit,usingdrillholeinformationincombinationwithavarietyofgeologicaldata.Resourcesaregenerallyquotedintermsoftonnesofrockpresentwhichcontainaspecifiedgradeofmetal(s)e.g.98-milliontonnesat43%iron.ScopingStudyThefirstlevelofengineeringstudythatisperformedonamineraldeposittodetermineitseconomicviability.Thisisusuallyperformedtodeterminewhethertheexpenseofafullpre-feasibilitystudyandlaterfullfeasibilitystudyiswarranted.ScopingstudiesmaybecompletedinternallybytheCompanyorbyindependentengineers.SinterPiecesorgranulesoffusedironore.SinteringManufacturingprocessinwhichsinterisproducedfromfinerawironore,smallcoke,sand-sizedlimestoneandnumerousothersteelplantwaste materialsthatcontainsomeiron.Thesefinematerialsareproportionedtoobtainadesiredproductchemistrythenmixedtogether.Thisrawmaterialmixisthenplacedonasinteringstrand,whichissimilartoasteelconveyorbelt,whereitisignitedbygasfiredfurnaceandfusedbytheheatfromthecokefinesintolargersizepiecesthatarefrom0.5to2.0inches.SlagImpuritiesintheironorethathavebeencapturedbylimestoneorotherfluxes.SteelSteelisanalloyofironusuallycontaininglessthan1%carbonwhichisusedmostfrequentlyintheautomotiveandconstructionindustriesoriscastintobars,strips,sheets,nails,spikes,wire,rodsorpipesasneededbytheintendeduser.StripRatioTheratiooftonsofoverburdenwastematerialtotonsoforeinanopenpitmine.TailingsCrushedorfinelygroundwasterockfromwhichvaluablemineralsormetalshavebeenextracted.ThermalprocessingToconfertoironorepelletshighresistancemetallurgicmechanicsandappropriatecharacteristics,thepelletsaresubjectedtothermalprocessing,whichinvolvesstagesofdrying,dailypayburn,burn,after-burnandcooling(inacoolingtower).Thedurationofeachstageandthetemperaturethatthepelletsaresubjectedtohaveastronginfluenceonthefinalproductquality.WasteBarrenrockormineralizedmaterialthatistoolowingradetobeeconomicallyprocessed.Source:http://www.northland.eu/s/Mining-ExplorationGlossary.asp