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1、外文翻译原文HumanCapitalMaterialSource:TheconciseencyclopediaofeconomicsAuthor:GaryS.BeckerTomostpeople,capitalmeansabankaccount,ahundredsharesofIBMstock,assemblylines,orsteelplantsintheChicagoarea.Theseareallformsofcapitalinthesensethattheyareassetsthatyieldinc
2、omeandotherusefuloutputsoverlongperiodsoftime.Butsuchtangibleformsofcapitalarenottheonlytypeofcapital.Schooling,acomputertrainingcourse,expendituresonmedicalcare,andlecturesonthevirtuesofpunctualityandhonestyarealsocapital.Thatisbecausetheyraiseearnings,im
3、provehealth,oraddtoaperson’sgoodhabitsovermuchofhislifetime.Therefore,economistsregardexpendituresoneducation,training,medicalcare,andsoonasinvestmentsinhumancapital.Theyarecalledhumancapitalbecausepeoplecannotbeseparatedfromtheirknowledge,skills,health,or
4、valuesinthewaytheycanbeseparatedfromtheirfinancialandphysicalassets.Education,training,andhealtharethemostimportantinvestmentsinhumancapital.ManystudieshaveshownthathighschoolandcollegeeducationintheUnitedStatesgreatlyraiseaperson’sincome,evenafternettingo
5、utdirectandindirectcostsofschooling,andevenafteradjustingforthefactthatpeoplewithmoreeducationtendtohavehigherIQsandbetter-educated,richerparents.Similarevidencecoveringmanyyearsisnowavailablefrommorethanahundredcountrieswithdifferentculturesandeconomicsys
6、tems.Theearningsofmore-educatedpeoplearealmostalwayswellaboveaverage,althoughthegainsaregenerallylargerinless-developedcountries.ConsiderthedifferencesinaverageearningsbetweencollegeandhighschoolgraduatesintheUnitedStatesduringthepastfiftyyears.Untiltheear
7、ly1960s,collegegraduatesearnedabout45percentmorethanhighschoolgraduates.Inthe1960s,thispremiumfromcollegeeducationshotuptoalmost60percent,butitfellbackinthe1970stolessthan50percent.Thefallduringthe1970sledsomeeconomistsandthemediatoworryabout“overeducatedA
8、mericans.”Indeed,in1976,HarvardeconomistRichardFreemanwroteabooktitledTheOvereducatedAmerican.Thissharpfallinthereturntoinvestmentscauseddoubtaboutwhethereducationandtrainingreallydoraiseproductivityorsimplyp
